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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The DSM's primary aim is:
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descriptive; to provide clear diagnostic categories, so that clinicians and researchers can agree on which disorder they are talking about and then can study and treat these disorders.
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Any behavior or emotional state that:
-causes a person to suffer -is self-destructive -seriously impairs the person’s ability to work or get along with others -endangers others or the community. |
Mental disorder
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual [DSM] Axis I
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Primary clinical problems
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual [DSM] Axis II
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Personality disorders
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual [DSM] Axis III
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General medical conditions
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual [DSM] Axis IV
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Social and environmental stressors
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual [DSM] Axis V
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Current and past levels of overall functioning
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Explosion of mental disorders; ___________ of new categories answer that it is important to distinguish disorders precisely.
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Supporters
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Explosion of mental disorders; ___________ point to economics: diagnoses are needed for insurance reasons for therapists to be compensated.
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Critics
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Psychological tests used to infer a person’s motives, conflicts, and unconscious dynamics on the basis of the person’s interpretation of ambiguous stimuli
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Projective tests
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A projective personality test that asks respondents to interpret abstract, symmetrical inkblots
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Rorschach inkblot test
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Standardized objective questionnaires requiring written responses; they typically include scales on which people are asked to rate themselves.
“Evaluating Whether You Are Depressed” Include Inventories |
Objective tests (Inventories)
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A mood disorder involving disturbances in:
-emotion (depressed mood, excessive sadness) -behavior (reduced interest in one’s usual activities) -cognition (thoughts of hopelessness, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, reduced ability to concentrate, recurrent thoughts of death) -body function (fatigue, loss of appetite, significant weight loss or gain, sleeping too much or too little) DSM IV requires 5 of these within the past 2 weeks |
Major depression
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A mood disorder in which episodes of depression and mania (excessive euphoria) occur.
AKA: manic-depressive disorder |
Bipolar disorder
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Studies of adopted children support genetic explanations of depression.
5-HTT is a gene that is present in either a long or short form. 17% of individuals with the long form become severely depressed. 43% of individuals with 2 copies of the short form become depressed. Genetics may also influence levels of serotonin and other neurotransmitters. Biomedical therapy is common for depression. Major depression: Antidepressant medication Bipolar disorder: Lithium (also antidepressants, antipsychotics) |
Genetic factors in depression
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_____________ emphasize the stressful circumstances in people’s lives.
Loss of or problems with important relationships Women are less satisfied with work and family and more likely to live in poverty. A health psychologist might emphasize stress reduction |
Social explanations
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________________ emphasize habits of thinking and ways of interpreting events.
Depressed people believe their situation is permanent, uncontrollable. |
Cognitive explanations
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Brooding about negative aspects of one’s life
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Rumination
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__________is often effective in treating depression
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Cognitive therapy
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Continuous state of anxiety marked by feelings of worry and dread, apprehension, difficulties in concentration, and signs of motor tension
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Generalized anxiety disorder
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An anxiety disorder in which a person who has experienced a traumatic or life-threatening event has symptoms such as psychic numbing, reliving the trauma, and increased physiological arousal
Diagnosed only if symptoms persist for six months or longer May immediately follow event or occur later |
Posttraumatic stress disorder
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An anxiety disorder in which a person experiences recurring panic attacks
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Panic disorder
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A feeling of impending doom or death, accompanied by physiological symptoms such as rapid breathing and dizziness
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Panic attack
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An exaggerated, unrealistic fear of a specific situation, activity, or object
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Phobia
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A set of phobias, often set off by a panic attack, involving the basic fear of being away from a safe place or person.
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Agoraphobia
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An anxiety disorder in which a person feels trapped in repetitive, persistent thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive, ritualized behaviors (compulsions) designed to reduce anxiety
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder
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Treatment of anxiety disorders includes:
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-Biomedical therapy (antidepressant
and antianxiety medication) -Cognitive therapy -Behavior therapy |
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____________ involves memory loss caused by extensive psychological stress
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Dissociative amnesia
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A controversial disorder marked by the appearance within one person of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own name and traits
Commonly known as Multiple Personality Disorder |
Dissociative identity disorder
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The MPD controversy;
MPD is common but often unrecognized as such. Starts in childhood as a means of coping Trauma produced a mental splitting. |
First view
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The MPD controversy;
Created through pressure and suggestion by clinicians Handfuls to 10,000 since 1980 |
Second view
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MPD is an extreme form of our ability to present many aspects of our personalities to others.
MPD is a socially acceptable way for some troubled people to make sense of their problems. Therapists looking for MPD may reward patients with attention and praise for revealing more and more personalities. |
Sociocognitive explanation
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Rigid, maladaptive patterns that cause personal distress or an inability to get along with others
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Personality disorder
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Characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance and self-absorption
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Narcissistic personality disorder
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Characterized by a lifelong pattern of irresponsible, antisocial behavior such as lawbreaking, violence, and other impulsive, restless acts
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Antisocial personality disorder
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A psychotic disorder marked by:
Delusions Hallucinations Disorganized, incoherent speech Inappropriate behavior Impaired cognitive abilities Typical onset: adolescence to early adulthood |
Schizophrenia
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False beliefs that often accompany schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders
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Delusions
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Sensory experiences that occur in the absence of actual stimulation
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Hallucinations
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The risk of developing schizophrenia increases as the genetic relatedness with a diagnosed schizophrenic increases.
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Genetic vulnerability
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In Schizophrenic patients:
-Decreased brain weight -Decreased volume in temporal lobe or hippocampus About 25% do not have these observable brain deficiencies. -Enlargement of ventricles |
Structural brain abnormalities
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Many schizophrenics have high levels of brain activity in areas served by dopamine, and greater numbers of dopamine receptors.
Abnormalities may also involve serotonin, glutamate |
Neurotransmitter abnormalities
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Biomedical therapy treating schizophrenia involves:
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antipsychotic medication
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Damage to the fetal brain increases chances of schizophrenia and other mental disorders.
Damage may occur as a function of: |
Prenatal or birth complications.
-maternal malnutrition -maternal illness -brain injury -oxygen deprivation at birth |
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Symptoms or mental disorders that are specific to particular cultural contexts and practices.
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culture-bound syndromes
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