Psychology 1 Ch. 01

Front 1

The discipline concerned with behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism's physical state, mental state and external environment.

Back 1

Psychology

Front 2

Evidence gathered by careful observation, experimentation, and measurement.

Back 2

Empirical evidence

Front 3

Relying on or derived from observation, experimentation, or measurement.

Back 3

Empirical

Front 4

When was the first Psychological Laboratory officially established in Germany? By whom?

Back 4

1879; Wilhelm Wundt.

Front 5

Who promoted the method called trained introspection?

Back 5

Wilhelm Wundt.

Front 6

Early approach to Psychology that emphasized the function or purpose of behavior, as opposed to its analysis and description? leaders?

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functionalism; American physician William James

Front 7

Which early method of Psychology asked how various actions help a person or animal adapt to the environment.

Back 7

functionalism

Front 8

A theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy, originally formulated by Sigmund Freud, that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts.

Back 8

psychoanalysis

Front 9

What are the five major theoretical perspectives in psychology?

Back 9

1) biological perspective
2) learning perspective
3) cognitive perspective
4) sociocultural perspective
5) psychodynamic perspective

Front 10

A psychological approach that emphasizes bodily events and changes associated with action, feelings, and thoughts.

Back 10

biological perspective

Front 11

A psychological approach that emphasizes how the environment and experience affect a person's or animal's actions; it includes behaviorism and social-cognitive learning theories.

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learning perspective

Front 12

A field of psychology emphasizing evolutionary mechanisms that may help explain human commonalities in cognition, development, emotion, social practices, and other areas of behavior.

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evolutionary psychology

Front 13

A psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior.

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cognitive perspective

Front 14

A psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural influences on behavior.

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sociocultural perspective

Front 15

A psychological approach that emphasizes unconscious dynamics within the individual, such as inner forces, conflicts, or the movement of instinctual energy.

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psychodynamic perspective

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A psychological approach that emphasizes free will, personal growth, resilience, and the achievement of human potential.

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humanist psychology

Front 17

Like today's psychologists, past thinkers wanted to ____, _____, _____, and ______ behavior in order to add to human knowledge and increase human happiness.

Back 17

describe, predict, understand, and modify.

Front 18

Who said the brain must be the ultimate source of "our pleasures, joys, laughter, and jests as well as our sorrows, pains, griefs, and tears."

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Hippocrates

Front 19

Phrenology became wildly popular during the early _____.

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1800s

Front 20

Phrenology was inspired by the writing of Austrian physician _________.

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Joseph Gall

Front 21

Who is usually credited as founding modern scientific psychology.

Back 21

Wilhelm Wundt

Front 22

Which early approach to scientific psychology emphasized the function or purpose of behavior as opposed to its analysis and description.

Back 22

functionalism

Front 23

Who was one of functionalism's leaders?

Back 23

William James

Front 24

Who wrote that attempting to grasp the nature of the mind through introspection is "like trying to turn up the gas quickly enough to see how the darkness looks."

Back 24

William James

Front 25

these theorists combine elements of behaviorism with research on thoughts, values, and intentions.

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Social-cognitive learning theorists

Front 26

The study of psychological issues in order to seek knowledge for its own sake rather than for its practical application.

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basic psychology

Front 27

The study of psychological issues that have direct practical significance; also, the application of psychological findings.

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applied psychology

Front 28

The ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective judgements on the basis of well-supported reasons and evidence rather than on anecdote.

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critical thinking

Front 29

A statement that attempts to predict or to account for a set of phenomena; specify relationships among events or variables and are empirically tested.

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hypothesis

Front 30

A precise definition of a term in a hypothesis, which specifies the operations for observing and measuring the process or phenomenon being defined.

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operational definition

Front 31

The principle that a scientific theory must make predictions that are specific enough to expose the theory to the possibility of disconfirmation.

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principle of falsifiability

Front 32

The tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that confirms one's own belief, and ignore, trivialize, or forget information that disconfirms that belief.

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confirmation bias

Front 33

An organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a specified set of phenomena and their interrelationships.

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theory

Front 34

A group of individuals, selected from a population for study, which matches that population on important characteristics such as age and sex.

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representative sample

Front 35

Methods that yield descriptions of behavior but not necessarily causal explanations.

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descriptive methods

Front 36

A detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated.

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case study

Front 37

A study in which the researcher carefully and systematically observes and records behavior without interfering with the behavior; it may involve either naturalistic or laboratory observation.

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observational study

Front 38

Procedures used to measure and evaluate personality traits, emotional states, aptitudes, interests, abilities, and values.

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psychological tests

Front 39

In test construction, to develop uniform procedures for giving and scoring a test.

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standardize

Front 40

In test construction, established standards of performance.

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norms

Front 41

The ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure.

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validity

Front 42

Questionnaires and interviews that ask people directly about their experiences, attitudes, or opinions.

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surveys

Front 43

A shortcoming of findings derived from a sample of volunteers instead of a representative sample; the volunteers may differ from those who did not volunteer.

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volunteer bias

Front 44

A descriptive study that looks for a consistent relationship between two phenomena.

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correlational study

Front 45

A measure of how strongly two variables are related to each other.

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correlation

Front 46

Characteristics of behavior or experience that can be measured or described by a numeric scale; manipulated and assessed in scientific studies.

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variables

Front 47

An association between increases in one variable and increases in another, or between decreases in one and in the other.

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positive correlation

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An association between increases in one variable and decreases in another

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negative correlation

Front 49

A measure of correlation that ranges in value from -1.00 to +1.00

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Coefficient of correlation

Front 50

A controlled test of a hypothesis in which the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effect on another.

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experiment

Front 51

The doctrine that human research subjects must participate voluntarily and must know enough about a study to make an intelligent decision about whether to participate.

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informed consent

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A variable that an experimenter manipulates.

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independent variable

Front 53

A variable that an experimenter predicts will be affected by manipulations of the independent variable.

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dependent variable

Front 54

In an experiment, a comparison condition in which subjects are not exposed to the same treatment as are those in the experimental condition.

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control condition

Front 55

A procedure for assigning people to experimental and control groups in which each individual has the same probability as any other of being assigned to a given group.

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random assignment

Front 56

An inactive substance or fake treatment used as a control in an experiment.

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placebo

Front 57

An experiment in which subjects do not know whether they are in an experimental or a control group.

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single-blind study

Front 58

Unintended changes in subjects' behavior due to cues that the experimenter inadvertently gives.

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experimenter effects

Front 59

An experiment in which neither the participants nor the individuals running the study know which participants are in the control group and which are in the experimental group until after the results are tallied.

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double-blind study

Front 60

Descriptive or experimental research conducted in a natural setting outside the laboratory.

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field research

Front 61

Statistics that organize and summarize research data.

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descriptive statistics

Front 62

An average that is calculated by adding up a set of quantities and dividing the sum by the total number of quantities in the set.

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arithmetic mean

Front 63

A commonly used measure of variability that indicates the average difference between scores in a distribution and their mean.

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standard deviation

Front 64

Statistical tests that assess how likely it is that a study's results occurred merely by chance.

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significance tests

Front 65

A study in which individuals of different ages are compared at a given time.

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cross-sectional study

Front 66

A study in which individuals are followed and periodically reassessed over a period of time.

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longitudinal study

Front 67

The amount of variance among scores in a study accounted for by the independent variable; thus it is a measure of the strength or power of that variable.

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effect size

Front 68

A procedure for combining and analyzing data from many studies; it determines how much of the variance in scores across all studies can be explained by a particular variable.

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meta-analysis

Front 69

What are the eight critical thinking guidlines?

Back 69

1) ask questions
2) define terms
3) examine evidence
4) analyze assumptions and biases
5) avoid emotional reasoning
6) don't oversimplify
7) consider other interpretations
8) tolerate uncertainty

Front 70

Beliefs that are taken for granted.

Back 70

assumptions

Front 71

Assumptions that keep us from considering the evidence fairly or that cause us to ignore the evidence entirely.

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biases

Front 72

A controlled test of a hypothesis in which the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effects on another.

Back 72

experiment

Front 73

these tests measure beliefs, feelings, or behaviors of which an individual is aware.

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objective tests; also called inventories

Front 74

these tests are designed to tap unconscious feelings or motives.

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projective tests

Front 75

In test construction, the consistency of test scores from one time and place to another

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reliability

Front 76

Statistical procedures that allow researchers to draw inferences about how statistically meaningful a study's results are.

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inferential statistics

Front 77

the most commonly used inferential tests have been..

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significance tests

Front 78

once the results of an experiment are in hand the psychologist then needs to do three things with the data...

Back 78

1) describe them

2) assess how reliable and meaningful they are

3) figure out how to explain them