Psychology 1

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Cognitive

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study basic mental processes such as sensation and perception, learning and memory (including if pple can repress traumatic experiences) judgement, decision making, and problem solving

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biological

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analyze biological factors influencing behavior and mental processes

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developmental

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seek to understand describe and explore how behavior and mental processes change over the course of a lifetime

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quantitative

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develope statistical methods for evaluating and analyzing data from psychological research

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clinical and counseling

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seek access, understand, and modify abnormal behavior

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community

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who work to obtain psychological services for underserved client groups and to prevent psychological disorders by working for changes in social system

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school

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test IQ, diagnose students' academic problems and set up programs to improve students' achievement

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educational

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study methods by which instructors teach and students learn, and who apply their results to improving such methods

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social

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study how people influence one another's behavior and attitudes, espicially in groups

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industrial/organizational

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study factors that affect the efficiency, productivity, and satisfaction of workers and the organizations that employ them.

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health

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study effects on behavior on health and the impact of illness on behavior and emotion

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sports

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search for the keys to maximum athletic performance

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forensic

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create criminal profiles, assist in jury selection, and are involved in the legal aspects of insanity and psychology

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engineering(human factors) psychologists

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study the effects on the environment on people's behavior and mental processes

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empirici

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a philosophical view & knowledge comes through experience and observation (john locke, george berkeley, and david hume)

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Wundt

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studied the abilites and limits of our sensory-perceptual systems. His goal was to use the methods of laboratory science to study consciousness (mental experience that arises from these systems)

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Edward Titchener

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structuralism was used to describe titcheners effors to define the structure of consciousness

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Gestalt psychology

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european psy. led by Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffa, and Wolfgang Kohler who aruged against the value of trying of to break down human experience of consciousness into its component parts

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William James and functionalism

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founded first psychology lab in US *harvard*. James rejected both wundts approach and titcheners structuralism. He was influenced by Darwins theory of evolution

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Functionalism

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understanding how consciousness functions help people adapt to their enviroments

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John Watson and Behaviorism

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believed that psychologists should ignore mental events and concern themselves only with observable behavior. Learning is the most important cause of behavior

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Skinner

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studied how rewards and punishments shape, maintain, and change behavior called operant conditioning

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biological approach

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assumes that behavior and mental processes are largely shaped by biological processes.(hormones, genes, and the activity of the nervous system)

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evolutionary approach

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assumes that the behavior of animals and humans today is largely the result of evolution through natural selection

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psychodynamic approach

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assumes that behavior and mental processes reflect constant and mostly unconscious psychodynamic conflicts taking place in the human mind

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behavioral approach

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concentrate on studying observable behavior

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cognitive behavioral/ social cognitive

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approach topics as the ways in which we learn out thoughts, attitudes, and beliefs, and how they affect observable behavior

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cognitive approach

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focuses on how behavior is affected by the ways in which pple take in, mentally represent, process, and store information (ex. a guy cuts in line. we judge it was wrong. what we do about it)

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humanistic approach

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see behavior as determined primarily by each person's capacity to choose how to think and act

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Naturalistic Observation

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observation of human or animal behavior in the enviroment where it typically occurs
provides descriptive data about the behavior persumably uncontaminated by outside influences
observer biad and participant self consciousness can distort results

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Case Studies

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intensive examination of the behavior and mental processes asso. w/ a specific person or situation
provide detailed descriptive analyses of new, complex or rare phenomena
may not provide representative pic. of phenomena

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Surveys

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standard set of ?'s asked by a large # of participants
gather large amt.s of descriptive data relatively quickly and inexpensively
sampling errors, poorly phrased questions, and response biases can distort results

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Experiments

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manipulation of an independent variable and measureent of its effects on a dependent var.
can establish a cause-effect relationship btwn Ind and Dep Var.
confounding var. may prevent valid conclusions

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Axon

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carries signals away from the cell body
action potential, an all or nothing electrochemical signal that shoots down the axon to vesicles at the tip of the axon, releasing neurotransmitters

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Dendrite (tree branches)

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detects and carries signals to cell body
postsynaptic potential, an electrochemical signal moving out of the body

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Synapse

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provides an area for the transfer of signals btwn neurons, usually btwn axon and dendrite
chemicals that cross the synapse and reach receptors on another cell

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Neurotransmitter

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chemical released by one cell that binds to the receptors on another cell
chemical msg. telling the next cell to fire or not fire its own action potential

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Receptor

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proteins on the cell membrane that receive chemical signals
recongizes certain neurotransmitters, thus allowing it to begin a postsynaptic potential to the dendrite

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Acetylcholine (small molecules)

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memory movement
Alzheimer's disease

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Norepinephrine

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mood, sleeping, learning
depression

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Serotonin

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mood, appetite, impulsivity
depression

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Dopamine

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movement, reward
Parkinson's disease, Schizonphrenia

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GABA

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memory
damage after stroke

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Endorphins (peptides)

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pain control
no est. disorder

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Nitric oxide (gases)

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memory
no est. disorder

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Spinal Cord

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part of the central nervous system that receives information from the senses, passes these signals to the brain and sends messages from the brain of the body

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Reflexes

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simple, involuntary unlearned behaviors directed by the spinal cord without instructions from the brain

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Hindbrain

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portion of the brain that lies just inside the skull and is a continuation of the spinal cord

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Medulla

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area of the HB that controls vital automonic functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing

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Reticular formation

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collection of cells and fibers in the HB and Midbrain that are involved with arousal and attention

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Cerebellum

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part of the HB that controls finely coordinated movements

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Midbrain

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small structure btwn HB and forebrain that helps produce smooth movements

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Forebrain

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part of the brain responsible for the most complex aspects of behavior and mental life

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Thalamus

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forebrain structure that relays messages from the most sense organs to higher brain areas

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Hypothalamus

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FB structure that regulates hunger, thirst, sex drive, with many connections to and from the autonomic nervous system and other parts of the brain

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amygdala

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Fb structure that links information from various systems and plays a role in emotions

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Hippocampus

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FB structure associated with the formation of new memories

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Cerebral cortex

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outer surface of the forebrain

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corpus callosum

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massive bundle of figers that connects to the left and right hemispheres

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sensory cortex

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part of the cerebral cortex located in the parietal, occipital and temporal lobes that receives stimulus information from the skin, eyes, and ears

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motor cortex

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part of the cerebral cortex that controls voluntary movement

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association cortex

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parts of the cerebral cortex that integrate sensory and motor information and perform complex cognitive tasks

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plasticity

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property of the central nervous system that has the ability to strengthen neural connections at synapses, as well as to establish new connections

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endocrine system

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cells that form organs called glands and they communicate with one another by secreting hormones

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glands

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organs that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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hormones

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chemicals secreted by glands into the bloodstream allowing stimulation of cells that are not directly connected

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fight-or-flight syndrome

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physical reactions initiated by the sympathetic nervous system that prepare the body to fight or run from a threatening situation

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consciousness

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awareness of external stimuli and our own mental activity

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state of consciousness

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charistics of consciousness at any particular moment

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conscious level

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level of consciousness at which mental activities accessible to awareness occur

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nonconscious level

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level of consciousness at which reside processes that are totally inaccessible to conscious awareness

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preconscious level

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level at which reside mental events that are not currently conscious but can become conscious at will

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subconscious

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another term describing the mental level at which influential but normally inaccessible, mental processes take place

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slow-wave sleep

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sleep stages 3 and 4 which are accompanied by slow, deep breathing; a calm, regular heartbeat; and reduced blood pressure

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rapid eye movement (REM)

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stage of sleep during which EEG resembles that of someone who is awake but muscle tone decreases automatically

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insomnia

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sleep disorder in which a person feels tired during the day b/c of trouble falling asleep or staying asleep at night

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narcolepsy

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daytime disorder in which a person suddenly switches from an active waking state into REM sleep

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sleep apnea

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sleep disorder in which pple briefly but repeatedly stop breathing during the night

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sudden infant death sydrome (SIDS)

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disorder which a sleeping baby stops breathing but does not awaken and suffocates

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sleepwalking

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phenomenon that starts primarily in non-rem sleep, espically in stage 4 and involves walking while asleep

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nightmares

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frightening dreams that take place during REM sleep

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night terrors

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horrific dream images during stage 4 sleep, followed by a rapid awakening and a state of intense fear

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REM behavior disorder

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sleep disorder in which a person fails to show the decreased muscle tone normally seen in REM sleep, thus allowing the person to act out dreams

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circadian rythm

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cycle such as waking and sleeping that repeats about once a day

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jet lag

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fatigue, irritability, inattention, and sleeping problems caused by air travel across several time zones

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dreams

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story-like sequences of images, sensations, and perceptions that last from several seconds to many minutes and occur mainly during REM sleep

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lucid dreaming

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being aware that a dream is a dream while it is occuring

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hypnosis

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altered state of consciousness brought on by special techniques, characterized by varying degrees of responsiveness to suggestions for changes in experience and behavior

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hypnotic susceptibiliy

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degree to which a person responds to hypnotic suggestion

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state theory

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theory proposing that hypnosis creates an altered state of consciousness

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role theory

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theory proposing that hypnotized pple act in accordance with a social role that demands compliance

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dissociation theory

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theory proposing that hypnosis is a socially agreed-upon opportunity to display one's ability to let mental functions becomes dissociated

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psychoactive drugs

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chemical substance that act on the brain to create psychological effects

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psychopharmacology

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study of psychoactive drugs and their effects

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blood-brain barrier

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feature of blood vessels in the brain that prevents some substances from entering brain tissue

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agonists

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drugs the bind to a receptor and mimic the effects of the neurotransmitter that normally fits that receptor

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antagonists

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drugs that bind to a receptor and prevent the normal neurotransmitter from binding

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substance abuse

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use in psychoactive drugs in ways that deviate from cultural norms

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psychological dependence

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condition in which a person continues drug use despite adverse effects, needs the drug for a sense of well-being and becomes preoccupied with obtaining the drug if it is unavailable

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addiction

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development of a physical need for a psychoactive drug

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withdrawal sydrome

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set of symptoms associated with discontinuing the use of an addictive substance

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tolerance

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condition in which increasinly larger drug doses are needed to produce a given effect

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depressants

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psychoactive drugs that inhibit the functioning of the central nervous system

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stimulants

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psychoactive drugs that have the ability of increase behavioral and mental activity