Psychology 031 Unit 1 Test Ch 6

Front 2

corpus callosum

Back 2

axon fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

Front 3

thalamus

Back 3

relays messages between lower brain centers and cerebral cortex

Front 4

hypothalamus

Back 4

controls maintenance functions such as eating; helps govern endocrine system; linked to emotion and reward

Front 5

pituitary

Back 5

master endocrine gland

Front 6

reticular formation

Back 6

helps control arousal

Front 7

cerebral cortex

Back 7

the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center

Front 8

cerebral cortex consists of

Back 8

-outer gray "bark" structure that's wrinkled in order to create more surface area for 20+ billion neurons

-inner white stuff - axons linking parts of the brain

-180+ billion glial cells

Front 9

glial cells

Back 9

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they may also play a role in learning and thinking

Front 10

frontal lobes

Back 10

portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments

Front 11

parietal lobes

Back 11

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position

Front 12

occipital lobes

Back 12

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive the information from the visual fields

Front 13

temporal lobes

Back 13

portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear

Front 14

each hemisphere's cortex subdivided into how many lobes separated by what?

Back 14

four lobes separated by prominent fissures, or folds

Front 15

cerebrum

Back 15

hemispheres that contribute 85% of the brain's weight

Front 16

cerebral cortex contains

Back 16

20-23 billion nerve cells and 300 trillion synaptic connections

Front 17

stimulating parts of an arch-shaped region at the back of the frontal lobe in the left or right hemisphere

Back 17

causes movement of specific body parts on the opposite side of the body

Front 18

the brain has no __________ receptors.

Back 18

sensory

Front 19

motor cortex

Back 19

an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements

Front 20

sensory cortex

Back 20

area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and process body touch and movement sensations

Front 21

association areas

Back 21

areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions' rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking

Front 22

visual cortex

Back 22

part of the occipital lobes at the rear of your brain receives input from your eyes

Front 23

auditory cortex

Back 23

part of temporal lobes above ears, receives information from ears

Front 24

our brain's _______ cortex registers and processes bodily input. the _______ cortex controls our voluntary movements

Back 24

sensory, motor

Front 25

parietal lobe includes the ________ cortex

Back 25

sensory

Front 26

occipital lobe contains the ________ areas

Back 26

visual

Front 27

temporal lobe = the _________ processing areas

Back 27

auditory

Front 28

frontal lobe

Back 28

speaking and muscle movements, making plans and judgments

Front 29

central sulcus divides which three lobes?

Back 29

parietal, frontal, and temporal lobes

Front 30

two experiments where brain-computer interfaces were used:

Back 30

-recording electrodes in monkey motor cortexes allowed researchers to match brain signals with arm movements (monkey learned to control robot arm)

-

Front 31

cognitive neural prosthetics used to treat ________ and _________ patients

Back 31

paralysis and amputation

Front 32

sensory functions of the gustatory cortex

Back 32

taste

Front 33

function of olfactory cortex

Back 33

smell

Front 34

there is ________ (a positive, a negative, or no) correlation between the proportion (size) of the cortex devoted to taking in sensory information and sending out motor commands and the cortexes devoted to association

Back 34

negative correlation; therelative proportion of the cortex devoted to taking in sensory information andsending out motor commands is smaller as the association areas are larger

Front 35

frontal lobe is active in "executive functions" such as ________, __________, and __________; describe how the job of the frontal lobe is related to memories

Back 35

planning, judgment, and inhibition of impulses;

also active in the use of the working memory and the processing of new memories

Front 36

Phineas Gage: describe the case study and the explanation for this behavior

Back 36

eye and part of frontal lobe destroyed in an accident. after healing, could function normally but became rude, odd, irritable, unpredictable

explanation: damage to frontal lobe -> loss of the ability to suppress impulses and modulate emotions

Front 37

Whole-brainassociation activity involves complex activities which require communicationamong association areas across the brain such as:

Back 37

memory, language, attention, meditation and spirituality, consciousness

Front 38

Brain's plasticity: Brain damage effects

Back 38

if one hemisphere is damaged early in life, other will assume many functions by reorganizing or building new pathways

plasticity diminishes later in life

brain sometimes mends itself by forming new neurons (neurogenesis)

Front 39

Brain scan studies show normal individuals engage their (left or right?) brain when completing a perceptual task and their (left or right?) brain when carrying out a linguistic task.

Back 39

right brain = perceptual task

left brain = linguistic task

Front 40

Left Hemisphere

Back 40

thoughts and logic

details such as "trees"

language: words + definitions

linear and literal

calculation

pieces and detail

Front 41

Right Hemisphere

Back 41

feelings and intuition

big picture such as "forest"

language: tone, inflection, context

inferences and associations

perception

wholes, including the self

Front 42

corpus callosum

Back 42

band of axons connecting the hemispheres

this is the part of the brain that is cut to end severe brain seizures

Front 43

split visual field

Back 43

each hemisphere doesn't perceive what each eye sees

instead, it perceives half of what the opposite eye sees (since each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body)

Front 44

parietal lobes enable ____________ and ___________ reasoning

Back 44

mathematical, spatial

Front 45

severed neurons usually _____(do / do not)_____ regenerate

Back 45

do not

Front 46

some brain tissue seems preassigned to specific areas, however...

Back 46

some neural tissue can reorganize in response to damage

Front 47

constraint-induced therapy

Back 47

aims to rewire brains and improve the dexterity of a brain-damaged child or adult stroke victim

Front 48

plasticity

Back 48

the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

Front 49

plasticity helps explain why deaf people have enhanced

Back 49

peripheral vision

Front 50

neurogenesis

Back 50

the formation of new neurons

Front 51

corpus callosum

Back 51

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

Front 52

in split brain surgery experiments, researchers could

Back 52

quiz each hemisphere of the brain separately

Front 53

right hemisphere

Back 53

excels in making inferences

helps us modulate our speech to make meaning clear

helps us orchestrate our sense of self