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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Keyword method |
Link an image of a familiar word that sounds similar to an image of the new word |
Hippocampus |
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Method of loci |
Typing an image of items to be remembered to locations passed on a familiar journey |
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Peg word technique |
Crete words to connect together |
4 door |
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Self-reference effect |
Relating a unit of information to oneself leads to greater memory |
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Testing effect |
Taking a pretest, having a friend quiz you |
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Distributed practice effect |
Spreading out learning over a long period is better than cramming |
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Acronyms |
Words created from a initial letters of a series of words |
Every letter in the word is a clue |
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Acrostic |
Sentences wherr the first letter of each word is the same first letter of each item to be remembered |
Never eat soggy waffles |
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Encoding specificity principle |
The more similar the encoding environment is to the retrieval environment the more we will remember |
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State dependent learning |
Recall information if you are in the same state. Ex. Adderall |
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Pollyanna principle |
Pleasant information is processed more efficiently and accurately than unpleasant information |
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Positivity effect |
People tend to rate unpleasant past events more positively with the passage of time |
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Mood congruence |
If you are in a bad mood you will remember bad things, vice versa |
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Retrospective |
Remember the past |
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Prospective |
Resembling things to do in the future |
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Long term potentiation |
There are physical changes in neurons, neurons become stronger, each time they fire they get stronger |
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Graded amnesia |
Amnesia is better for the most recent memories, worse for memories a long time ago |
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Consolidation |
Putting memories together |
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Reconsolidation |
When you recall something it can change and not stay the same |
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Reminiscence bump |
Enhanced memory for adolescence and young adults |
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Flashbulb memory |
Vivid recollection of emotionally significant events |
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Source misattribution |
When an individual forgets where they heard something |
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Schemas |
Generalized, we'll integrated knowledge about something |
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Stereotypes |
Categorizing people |
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Scripts |
Simple, well structured series of events in a specific order |
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Boundary extension |
Our tendency to remember having viewed a greater portion of a scene than we really saw |
Exaggerated |
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Consistency bias |
We tend to exaggerat the consistency between our past feelings and beliefs and out current viewpoint |
Relationship |
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Post-event misinformation effect |
Misleading information given after the fact can alter memories |
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Weapon focus |
A presence of a weapon decreases memory for other details in a situation |
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Post identification feedback effect |
If people are told they picked the suspect out of a lineup they become much more confident in their memory of the individual |
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General knowledge |
Facts, dates |
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Lexical knowledge |
Names of objects, words, vocabulary |
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Conceptual knowledge |
Understanding of principles concepts, and categories |
Gravity |
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Prototype |
The best example of some category |
Birds |
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Prototypical |
The degree to which an object is a good representation of a category. Compare how similar a bird is to the prototype |
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Graded structure |
Category members vary along a continuum of prototypically |
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Family resemblance |
Degree of similarity between categories |
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Exemplar theory |
Category recognition involves comparing a new object to a set of specific examples |
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Graceful degradation |
The ability to provide partial memory as opposed to all or nothing |
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Sensory functional hypothesis |
The idea that semantic memory for some categories relies on sensory attributes while memory for other categories relies on functional attributes. |
Thinking about scissors, actually holding them |
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Conceptual peg hypothesis |
Concrete nouns are easier to remember than abstract nouns |
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Analog codes |
Images closely resemble the physical object |
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Propositional codes |
Images are abstract representstionz6thsy do not resemble physical objects |
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Phonemes |
Basic sounds in a spoken language |
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Graphemes |
Smallest units in the writing system |
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Morphemes |
Smallest language unit that has a meaning |
Pre |
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Morphology |
Study of how we create words by combining morphemes |
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Syntax |
Rules for organizing words into sentences |
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Phonemic restoration |
People are unable to fill in missing phonemes from speech using the context |
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Mcgurk effect |
When auditory and visual informal conflict, it affects out perception of speech |
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Lexical ambiguity |
Word can have several different meanings |
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Anaphoric |
Connecting objects or people in one sentence to objects or people in another |
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Instrument |
Assumptions about tools or methods |
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Causal inferences |
Connecting causes and effects across sentences |
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Lateralization |
Dominance of one area of the brain in specific functions |
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Trial and error |
Attempting different solutions until we succeed |
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Insight |
A sudden realization of the solution leading to purposeful action |
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Fixation |
Inability to see a problem from a fresh prospective |
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Functional fixedness |
Thinking of things only in terms of their normal functions |
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Means-end |
Divide the problem into sub problems |
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Hill climbing approaches |
Always choosing the option that appears to most directly lead to the goal |
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Divergent |
Giving a high number of different responses |
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Production |
The ability to give the single best solution |
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Algorithms |
Well defined set of sets slow but the solution is assured |
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Heuristics |
Efficient problem solving strategies fast but error prone |
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Prospect theory |
Focusing on potential gains makes people more risk averse |
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Deduction |
Using general principles to make conclusions about specific cases, logic |
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Induction |
Reasoning from specific cases to general principles, science |
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Syllogism |
Using deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on several propositions |
All men are mortal |
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Belief bias effect |
Making judgments based on real world knowledge rather than logic, confusing validity |
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Avaliablity heuristic |
Likelihood is something going to happen, how available are examples, media is a problem |
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Recognition heuristics |
Easiest to recognize, helps us make a decision. Some situations where this can lead you to an error |
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Illusory correlation |
Think there is a relationship but there is not ex: black cats and bad luck |
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Representativeness heuristics |
Using prototypes, is this a member of this category. Ex: Find a new species, is this a bird, compare it to a pigeon |
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Base rate fallacy |
Ignoring information about how common something is |
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Conjuction fallacy |
Comparing two things, see how likely they are ex: what is more likely, spilling coffee or spilling hot coffee. This is wrong bc it could be cold coffee |
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Small sample fallacy |
People assume that what we see in a whole population we would see in a small sample, but that is wrong |
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Confirmation bias |
People look for support, don't look for falsification |
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Default heuristic |
In the US you aren't defaulted an organ donor. In another country you are. |
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Anchoring |
Base guess off of what people said ahead of you |
Jelly beans |
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Utility theory |
Maximize value |
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