Psychologist

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Frances Galton

Back 1

Maintained that personality and ability depend almost entirely on genetic inheritance

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Charles Darwin

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Theory of evolution, survival of the fittest organ of the species

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William Wudnt

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Introspection - psychology became the scientific study of concise experience (rather than science)

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John Watson

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Founder of behaviorism- did the study of generalization

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Little Albert

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Watson study on the generalization of fear. Conditioning subject to be afraid

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Alfred Adler

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Neo Freudian, believed that childhood social not sexual tensions are crucial for personality formation

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Carl Jung

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People had conscious and unconscious awareness - two layers of unconscious archetypes- personal/collective

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Gordon Allport

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Three levels of traits: 1. Cardinal trait- it is the dominant trait that characterizes your life; 2. Central trait- one common to all people; 3. Secondary trait - it surfaces in some situations and not in others

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Albert Ellis

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Rational emotive therapy- focuses on altering clients patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behaviour and emotions

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Albert Maslow

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Hierarchy of needs- needs at the lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied. Once these needs are adequately met, the higher needs occupy the individuals attention

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Carl Rogers

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Humanistic psychology- the theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth

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B.F Skinner

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Operant conditioning- techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organisms behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior, skinner box

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Ivan Pavlo

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Classical conditioning- a conditional stimulus naturally elicits a receive behaviour called an unconditional response. But with repeated pairings with a neutral stimulus, the neutral stimulus will elicit the response; dog salivation

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Noam Chomsky

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Disagreed with Skinner and said there an infinite number of sentences in a language. He said that humans have an inborn native ability to develop language

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Jean Piaget

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Four stage theory of cognitive development. 1. Sensorimotor, 2. Preoperational, 3. Concrete operational, 4. Formal operational. He said that two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth - assimilation and accommodation

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Erik Erikson

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People evolve through 8 stages over the life span. Each stage marked by psychological crisis that involves confronting "who I am"

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Lawrence Kohlberg

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His theory states there are three levels of moral reasoning and each level can be divided into 2 stages. 1. Pre-conventional, 2. Conventional, 3. Post-conventional. His theory focuses on moral reasoning rather than overt behavior

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Carlo Gilligan

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She maintained that Kohlberg work was developed only observing boys and overlooked potential differences between the habitual moral judgments of men and women

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James Lang theory

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It's asserts that the perception of emotion is our awareness of our physiological response to emotion arousing stimuli. (Sight of car, pounding heart, than fear)

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Cannon-Bard theory

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An emotional-arousing stimulus triggers cognitive body responses simultaneously (arousal and emotion are simultaneous)

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Phineas Gage

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First person to have a frontal lobotomy. Gave psychology information on part of the brain that is involved with emotions reasoning

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Hans Eysenck

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Personality is determined to a large extent by genes. He used the terms Extroversion/Introversion

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S. Schacter

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To experience emotions 1. Must be physically aroused 2. Must cognitively label arousal (know emotion before you experience it)

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Mary Cover Jones

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Systematic desensitization

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Benjamin Whorf

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His hypothesis is that language determines the way we think

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Robert Sternberg

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Triarchic theory of intelligence 1. Academic problem solving-solving intelligence 2. Practical intelligence 3. Creative intelligence

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Howard Gardner

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Theory of multiple intelligences

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Albert Bandura

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Observational learning-it allows you to profit immediately from the mistakes and successes of others. His experiment had adult models punching BoBo dolls and then observed children whom watched this exhibit many of the same behaviors

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E.L. Thorndike

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Law of effect-(the relationship between behavior and it's consequences) the principle that behavior followed by favorable consequences become more likely. Behavior followed by less likely consequences becomes less likely

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Alfred Binet

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General I.Q. tests. A Frenchman designed a test that would identify slow learners I'm need of remedial help. It was not that valuable in America as it was to cultural bound

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Lewis Terman

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Revised Binet's I.Q. test and established norms for American children

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David Weschler

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He established an intelligence test especially for adults. It became the WAIS, Weschler Intelligence for Adults

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Charles Spearman

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He found that specific mental talents were highly correlated. He concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled "g" for general ability

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H. Rorschach

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He developed one of the first projective tests, the Inkblot test. The subject reads the inkblots and projects to the observer aspects of their personality. It uses 10 standard inkblots