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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychological theories of crime focus on... |
intelligence, personality, learning, and criminal behavior |
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Early Researches on Psychological Causes of Crime |
1. Charles Goring - 3000 convicts in England, no physical differences between noncriminal and criminal; criminals are more likely to be insane, be unintelligent and exhibit poor social habit 2. Gabriel Tarde - believed that 1 out of 100 is creative and the rest imitate one another |
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Theories under Psychological Theories |
A. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theory by Sigmund Freud B. Behavioural Theory by Albert Bandura C. Cognitive Theory by Jean Piaget, Lawrence Kohlberg D. Personality Theory E. Psychosocial Theory F. Intelligence |
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Personality consists of three parts: (the development of these are associated with experience in the past) |
ID (present at birth; primitive; unconscious biological drive for food, sex and other necessities; instant pleasure or gratification; pleasure principle) EGO (reality principle) SUPEREGO (moral standards that serves to pass judgement) |
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Individual committed a crime because he or she has an underdeveloped... |
superego |
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B. Behavioural Theory |
developed through learning experiences; supported by rewards and extinguished by punishments |
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Social Theorists of Behavioural Theory |
1. Albert Bandura - most prominent social learning theorist, believe that aggressive acts are modelled after family interactions, environmental experiences and mass media 2. Jacoby - parents who are aggressive 3. Shelden - individuals are more likely aggressive if they reside in crime-prone areas 4. Bohm - high-crime areas are without norms, rules and customs 5. Kraska - absence of conventional behaviour |
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C. Cognitive Theory |
-how criminal offenders perceive -thoughts are the primary determinants of emotion and behaviour -defect in mental development |
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Personalities involved in Cognitive Theory |
A. Jean Piaget B. Lawrence Kohlberg |
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A. Jean Piaget |
-individual reasoning process is developed in an orderly fashion 1. First stage of development or the sensor-motor stage - children focus on interesting objects and motor skills 2. Final stage of development or the formal operation stage - capable of complex reasoning and abstract thought |
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B. Lawrence Kohlberg |
applied the concept of moral development |
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Stages of moral development by Lawrence Kohlberg |
LEVEL I - pre-conventional level Stage 1 - obedience and punishment Stage 2 - individualism and exchange LEVEL II - conventional level Stage 3 - good boy/good girl Stage 4 - law and order LEVEL III - post-conventional level Stage 5 - social contract Stage 6 - principled conscience |
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D. Personality Theory |
what we are and what makes us different from others |
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1. Big five model of personality (individual difference in personality) |
1. Neuroticism - emotional stability -high score (anger and sadness) -low score (tempered and calm) 2. Extraversion - sociability -high score (extraverts) -low score (introverts) 3. Openness - active imagination and intellectually curious -high score (willing to experience new things -low score (prefer what's familiar) 4. Agreeableness - interpersonal -high score (soft-hearted and altruistic) -low score (hard-hearted) 5. Conscientousness - self-control -high score (organized) -low score (careless) |
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2. The Gluecks by Sheldon Glueck and Eleanor Glueck: number of personality traits that they were felt associated with violence |
1. Self-assertiveness - confident 2. Defiance - refusal to obey something 3. Extroversion 4. Narcissism 5. Suspicion |
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3. Hans Eysenck |
He identified two anti-social personality traits: 1. Neurotic Extraverts 2. Psychotics |
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Neurotic Extraverts |
their sympathetic nervous system are quick to respond without counterbalancing from the parasympathetic nervous system |
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Sympathetic Nervous System |
decrease the smooth muscle and increase heart rate; fight or flight |
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Parasympathetic nervous system |
increase smooth muscle and decrease heart rate |
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Psychotics |
cruel, insensitive and unemotional |
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In conclusion, Eysenck believed that criminal behaviour is the product of... |
environmental factors and biology |
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4. Psychopathic Personality |
-Antisocial personality, psychopathy, sociopath are terms used interchangeably -Sociopaths are product of destructive home environment -Psychopaths are product of a defect within themselves |
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5. Carl Jung |
Swiss Psychiatrist who was influenced by Freud; distinguished two different attitude types (extroverts and introverts) |
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Jung's Four Functions of Personality |
1. Thinking 2. Feeling 3. Sensation 4. Intuition |
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E. Psychosocial Development Theory by Erik Erikson |
8 stages of Psychosocial Development |
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8 stages of Psychosocial development |
Level 1: Trust vs. Mistrust (from birth to 12 months of age) Level 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3 years) Level 3: Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6) Level 4: Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12) Level 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18) Level 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation (20s-40s) Level 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation (people in their 40s) Level 8: Ego Integrity vs. Despair (60s)
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F. Intelligence |
-there exists a link between intelligence and crime (Dabney) -those who have low IQ are more likely to be delinquent (Travis Hirschi and Michael Hindelang) -criminal offenders who have been caught (Richard Hermstein and Charles Murray) -intelligence with criminal behaviour (Goddard (1920) ; Healy and Bronner (1926)) |
