Psychological Disorders

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Psychological disorders

Three D principle

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any combination of thoughts, feelings, and or behaviours which are judged to be deviant, distressing, dysfunctional, unjustifiable

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Deviant

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atypical in the sense of unacceptability; varies with time and culture

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distressing

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disturbing behaviour to either the individual or family/friends or both

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dysfunctional

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maladaptive or harmful to self and or others

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unjustifiable

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no "good reason" for behaviour

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Perceived causes of mental illness

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movements of the sun, moon, evil spirits

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Ancient Treatments

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exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with animals blood

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psych disorders - medical model

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concept that diseases have physical causes, can be diagnosed, treated and in most cases cured, assumes illness can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, psychiatric

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bio-psycho-social perspective

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assumes that biological, socioculture and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders

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DSM-IV - diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

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most widely used system for classifying and describing pysch disorders, labels describes the behaviour

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Psychological disorders

Three D principle

Back 11

any combination of thoughts, feelings, and or behaviours which are judged to be deviant, distressing, dysfunctional, unjustifiable

Front 12

Deviant

Back 12

atypical in the sense of unacceptability; varies with time and culture

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distressing

Back 13

disturbing behaviour to either the individual or family/friends or both

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dysfunctional

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maladaptive or harmful to self and or others

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unjustifiable

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no "good reason" for behaviour

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Perceived causes of mental illness

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movements of the sun, moon, evil spirits

Front 17

Ancient Treatments

Back 17

exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with animals blood

Front 18

psych disorders - medical model

Back 18

concept that diseases have physical causes, can be diagnosed, treated and in most cases cured, assumes illness can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, psychiatric

Front 19

bio-psycho-social perspective

Back 19

assumes that biological, socioculture and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders

Front 20

DSM-IV - diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

Back 20

most widely used system for classifying and describing pysch disorders, labels describes the behaviour

Front 21

Psychological disorders

Three D principle

Back 21

any combination of thoughts, feelings, and or behaviours which are judged to be deviant, distressing, dysfunctional, unjustifiable

Front 22

Deviant

Back 22

atypical in the sense of unacceptability; varies with time and culture

Front 23

distressing

Back 23

disturbing behaviour to either the individual or family/friends or both

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dysfunctional

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maladaptive or harmful to self and or others

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unjustifiable

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no "good reason" for behaviour

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Perceived causes of mental illness

Back 26

movements of the sun, moon, evil spirits

Front 27

Ancient Treatments

Back 27

exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with animals blood

Front 28

psych disorders - medical model

Back 28

concept that diseases have physical causes, can be diagnosed, treated and in most cases cured, assumes illness can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, psychiatric

Front 29

bio-psycho-social perspective

Back 29

assumes that biological, socioculture and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders

Front 30

DSM-IV - diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

Back 30

most widely used system for classifying and describing pysch disorders, labels describes the behaviour

Front 31

Psychological disorders

Three D principle

Back 31

any combination of thoughts, feelings, and or behaviours which are judged to be deviant, distressing, dysfunctional, unjustifiable

Front 32

Deviant

Back 32

atypical in the sense of unacceptability; varies with time and culture

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distressing

Back 33

disturbing behaviour to either the individual or family/friends or both

Front 34

dysfunctional

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maladaptive or harmful to self and or others

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unjustifiable

Back 35

no "good reason" for behaviour

Front 36

Perceived causes of mental illness

Back 36

movements of the sun, moon, evil spirits

Front 37

Ancient Treatments

Back 37

exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with animals blood

Front 38

psych disorders - medical model

Back 38

concept that diseases have physical causes, can be diagnosed, treated and in most cases cured, assumes illness can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, psychiatric

Front 39

bio-psycho-social perspective

Back 39

assumes that biological, socioculture and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders

Front 40

DSM-IV - diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

Back 40

most widely used system for classifying and describing pysch disorders, labels describes the behaviour

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Anxiety disorders- three basic components

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anxiety disorders differ in the amount or duration of anxiety e.g., is it out of proportion to the situation or object that triggers it?

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subjective feelings

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of tension and apprehension, a sense of impending danger, and feeling unable to cope

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physiological responses

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sympathetic arousal

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behavioural responses

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such as avoidance of the situation or impaired motor functioning defined by the distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

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Prevalence*

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is the number of cases of a disorder at any one time

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Incidence*

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is the number of new cases within a specific time period

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Four most common anxiety disorders

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generalized anxiety disorder
phobic disorder
panic disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder

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Generalized anxiety disorder (3%)

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a chronic state of diffuse or “free floating” anxiety that is not attached to a specific situation or object
emotionally the person is tense, apprehensive, and in a constant state of ANS arousal
cognitively expecting of the worst

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Panic disorder (under 1%)

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marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensation

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Phobia (7-15%)

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persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation
are aware their fears are disproportionate to danger, but feel helpless to deal with fears
avoidance behaviors become major problem

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OCD (3%)

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characterized by 1) unwanted, internally instigated, repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or 2) actions (compulsions) that try to reduce anxiety associated with the thoughts

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Schizophrenia (1%)
fractured mind, rarely aggressive

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literal translation “split mind”
a group of severe psychotic disorders characterized by:
disorganized and delusional thinking
disturbed perceptions
inappropriate emotions and actions

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delusions

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false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

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hallucinations

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false sensory experiences such as seeing something without any external visual stimulus

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Psychological therapy
- Psychotherapy

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an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties

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Eclectic Approach

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an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s problems, uses or integrates techniques from various forms of therapy (also called psychotherapy integration)

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Psychoanalysis

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focus is on the internal conflicts and unconscious factors that underlie maladaptive behavior

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psychodynamic therapy-techniques

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free association allows the patient to report uninterrupted stream of consciousness
resistance is a sign that anxiety has been evoked, suggesting that sensitive material is near
interpretation is the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight
transference is the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships, e.g. love or hatred for a parent

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Humanistic Therapy - person centered therapy

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humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers
focus is to help clients take control of their actions and take responsibility for choices and behavior
goal of therapy is to help clients engage is self-exploration, discover true “self”, and remove barriers that block movements towards growth
therapist uses techniques such as active listening (echoes, restates, clarifies) within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth

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Behaviour therapy

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focus is the elimination of unwanted behaviors that are not based on inner dynamics, but represent learned patterns
goal of therapy is to replace maladaptive behaviors using principles of classical and operant conditioning
eg) quit smoking

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classic conditioning

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counterconditioning is a procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors

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systematic desensitization

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type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli
commonly used to treat phobias

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Aversive conditioning

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type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior
aversion therapy for alcoholics
eg) smokers given smoke that tastes like vomit