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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychological disorders
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It’s a significant dysfunction in a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
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Disorder
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refers to a state of mental/behavioral ill health.
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Dysfunctional
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is maladaptive behavior
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Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
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difficulty staying focused and paying attention, difficulty controlling behavior, and hyperactivity (over-activity) not appropriate for a person's age.
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The Biopsychosocial Approach
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Assumes that biological, socio-cultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders.
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(DSM)
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a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders to describe psychological disorders. The most recent edition is the fifth edition.
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The Medical Model
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The concept that psychological disorder has physical symptoms, can be diagnosed, treated, and sometimes cured.
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Axis I
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Is a Clinical Syndrome (cognitive, anxiety, mood disorders
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Axis II
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Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation
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Axis III
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Is a General Medical Condition (diabetes, hypertension or arthritis etc)
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Axis IV
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Are Psychosocial or Environmental Problems (school or housing issues)
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Axis V
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is the Global Assessment of the person’s functioning
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Critics of the DSM
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argue that labels may stigmatize individuals
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Benefits of DSM
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Labels may be helpful for healthcare professionals when communicating with one another and establishing therapy.
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Goals of DSM
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Labeling Psychological Disorders
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Types of Anxiety Disorders
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Panic Disorder Phobias Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder |
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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This disorder involves excessive, unrealistic worry and tension, even if there is little or nothing to provoke the anxiety.
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Panic Disorder
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People with this condition have feelings of terror that strike suddenly and repeatedly with no warning.
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Phobias
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an intense fear of a specific object or situation, such as snakes, heights, or flying. The level of fear is usually inappropriate to the situation and may cause the person to avoid common, everyday situations.
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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constant thoughts or fears that cause them to perform certain rituals or routines. The disturbing thoughts are called obsessions, and the rituals are called compulsions
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
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is a condition that can develop following a traumatic and/or terrifying event, such as a sexual or physical assault, the unexpected death of a loved one, or a natural disaster.
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Panic Disorder symptoms
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include sweating, chest pain, palpitations (irregular heartbeats), and a feeling of choking, which may make the person feel like he or she is having a heart attack or "going crazy."
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms
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Burned in memories
frightening thoughts and memories of the event and tend to be emotionally numb. nightmares, insomnia, anxiety, hyper-vigilance, social withdrawal or phobic avoidance |
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms
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Uncontrollable, obsessive thoughts
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Typical Anxiety Disorders symptoms
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Repeated thoughts or flashbacks of traumatic experiences
Nightmares Problems sleeping Cold or sweaty hands and/or feet Shortness of breath Palpitations |
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Panic attack symptom
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Feelings of panic, fear, and uneasiness
Ritualistic behaviors, such as repeated hand washing |
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Kinds of Phobias
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Agoraphobia- avoidance of situations fearing a heart attack.
Social phobia - fear of being watched or judged by others specific phobia- fear of specific object or situations |
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Obsession
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disturbing repetitive thoughts such as concern with dirt, germs or toxins.
something terrible happening. symmetry, order, or exactness |
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Compulsions
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repetitive behaviors such as excessive hand washing,
repetitive rituals such as in/out of a door checking door, locks, appliances etc. |
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symtoms of OCD
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Obsession and compulsions
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Dissociative Disorders
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Conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.
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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
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A disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities, formerly called multiple personality disorder.
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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) Critics
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Critics argue that the diagnosis of DID increased in the late 20th century. DID has not been found in other countries.
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Personality Disorders
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characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. They are usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions.
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Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)
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A disorder in which the person (usually men) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. Formerly, this person was called a sociopath or psychopath.
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Depression Vicious Cycle
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Stressful experience
negative explanatory style depressed moods cognitive behavior changes |
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Suicidal Ideation
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thoughts about how to kill oneself
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Self Behavior Injury
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The act of deliberating harming your own body with no intentions of killing themselves.
ex: cutting, burning |
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Disruptive Mood Dysregularization Disorder
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New DSM-V Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder in Children.
symptoms - cycles from depression to extended rage rather than mania. |
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Observation Learning
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Is learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others.
EX: If you see someone avoiding/or fear something, you might adopt that fear. Fear can pass down in families. |
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Cognition and Anxiety symptoms
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Include worried thoughts, as well as interpretation, appraisal, beliefs, prediction, and rumination.
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Stigma and Mental Illness
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Comes from a popular cultural views; however DSM may contain information to correct inaccurate perception of mental illness.
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Anxiety Disorder symptoms
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A nervous behavior such as pacing back and forth, somatic complains and rumination.
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Anxiety Disorder
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Anxiety is a feeling of fear, unease, and worry. The source of these symptoms is not always known.
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Stress
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any event or thought that makes you feel frustrated, angry, or nervous
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central part of the amygdala
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store emotional memories, and play a role in anxiety disorders involving very distinct fears, such as fears of dogs, spiders, or flying.
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Biological Influences of Psychological Disorder
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Evolution
Individual genes Brain structure and chemistry |
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Psychological Influences of Psychological Disorder
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Stress,
trauma, learned helplessness mood related perceptions and memories. |
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Cognitive Influences of Psychological Disorder
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roles,
expectations, definitions of normality and disorder |
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Mood Disorders
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a psychological disorder characterized by the elevation or lowering of a person's mood, such as depression or bipolar disorder. also called affective disorder
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Major Depressive Disorder
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(also known as clinical depression) - is a mood disorder in which feelings of sadness, loss, anger, or frustration interfere with everyday life for weeks or longer.
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Bipolar Disorder
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A psychiatric disorder marked by alternating episodes of mania and depression. Also called manic-depressive disorder.
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Examples of Cognition's that can Worsen Anxiety
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Cognitive errors, believing that bad events will happen
Irrational beliefs, bad things don’t happen to good people Mistaken appraisals, seeing aches as diseases, noises as dangers, and strangers as threats Misinterpretations of facial expressions and actions of others, such as thinking “they’re talking about me |
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Criteria of Major Depressive Disorders
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It is one or both of the first two symptoms, PLUS three or more of the rest.
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Major Depressive Disorders symptoms
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*Depressed mood most of the day, and/or
*Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities plus three or more of : Significant increase or decrease in appetite or weight Insomnia, sleeping too much, or disrupted sleep Lethargy, or physical agitation Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day Worthlessness, or excessive/inappropriate guilt Daily problems in thinking, concentrating, and/or making decisions Recurring thoughts of death and suicide |
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Seasonal Affective Disorder [SAD]
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involves a recurring seasonal pattern of depression, usually during winter’s short, dark, cold days.
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Mania
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refers to a period of hyper-elevated mood that is euphoric, giddy, easily irritated, hyperactive, impulsive, overly optimistic, and even grandiose.
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Depressed mood
vs. Mania |
exaggerated pessimism
social withdrawal lack of felt pleasure inactivity and no initiative difficulty focusing fatigue and excessive desire to sleep VS. exaggerated optimism hypersociality and sexuality delight in everything impulsivity and overactivity racing thoughts; the mind won’t settle down little desire for sleep |
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Understanding Mood Disorders
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Biological aspects and explanations - Evolutionary
Genetic, Brain /Body Social-cognitive aspects and explanations - Negative thoughts and negative mood, Explanatory style, and The vicious cycle |
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Biology of Depression
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has survival value. help people conserve energy.
avoid conflicts and other risks, let go of unattainable goals, and take time to contemplate |
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Biology of Depression and the Brain
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Brain activity is diminished in depression and increased in mania.
Brain structure: smaller frontal lobes in depression and fewer axons in bipolar disorder Brain cell communication (neurotransmitters): more norepinephrine (arousing) in mania, less in depression reduced serotonin in depression |
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Preventing or Reducing Depression
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Adjust neurotransmitters with medication.
Increase serotonin levels with exercise. Reduce brain inflammation with a healthy diet (especially olive and fish oils). Prevent excessive alcohol use . |
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Psychosis
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refers to a mental split from reality and rationality.
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Schizophrenia
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the mind is split from reality, e.g. a split from one’s own thoughts so that they appear as hallucinations.
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Schizophrenia symptoms include
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Disorganized speech, including the “word salad” of loosely associated phrases
Delusions (illusory beliefs), often bizarre and not just mistaken; most common are delusions of grandeur and of persecution Problems with selective attention, difficulty filtering thoughts and choosing which thoughts to believe and to say out loud |
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Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia + presence of problematic behaviors
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Hallucinations (illusory perceptions), especially auditory
Delusions (illusory beliefs), especially persecutory Disorganized thought and nonsensical speech Bizarre behaviors |
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Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia - absence of healthy behaviors
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Flat affect (no emotion showing in the face)
Reduced social interaction Anhedonia (no feeling of enjoyment) Avolition (less motivation, initiative, focus on tasks) Alogia (speaking less) Catatonia (moving less) |
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Subtypes of Schizophrenia
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Paranoid - Plagued by hallucinations, often with negative messages, and delusions, both grandiose and persecutory
Disorganized - Primary symptoms are flat affect, incoherent speech, and random behavior Catatonic - Rarely initiating or controlling movement; copies others’ speech and actions Undifferentiated - Many varied symptoms Residual - Withdrawal continues after positive symptoms have disappeared |
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Abnormal brain structure and activity - What’s going on in the brain in schizophrenia
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Too many dopamine/D4 receptors help to explain paranoia and hallucinations, Poor coordination of neural firing in the frontal lobes, The thalamus fires during hallucinations as if real sensations, general shrinking of many brain areas and connections between them.
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Biological Risk Factors
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low birth weight
maternal diabetes older paternal age famine oxygen deprivation during delivery maternal virus during mid-pregnancy impairing brain development |
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Social-Psychological Factors of
Schizophrenia |
stress affect the onset of schizophrenia.
early separation from parents short attention span disruptive OR withdrawn behavior emotional unpredictability poor peer relations and/or solitary play |
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Biological factors which tend to appear before the onset of schizophrenia
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having a mother with severe chronic schizophrenia
birth complications, including oxygen deprivation and low birth weight poor muscle coordination |
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Eating Disorders
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conditions defined by abnormal eating habits that may involve either insufficient or excessive food intake to the detriment of an individual's
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Dissociative Amnesia:
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Loss of memory with no known physical cause; inability to recall selected memories or any memories
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Dissociative Fugue
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Running away” state; wandering away from one’s life, memory, and identity, with no memory of these
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Anorexia Nervosa
type Eating Disorders |
Compulsion to lose weight, coupled with certainty about being fat despite being 15 percent or more underweight
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type Eating Disorders
Bulimia Nervosa |
Compulsion to binge, eating large amounts fast, then purge by losing the food through vomiting, laxatives, and extreme exercise
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Binge-type Eating Disorder
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Compulsion to binge, followed by guilt and depression
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Eating Disorders - Family factors:
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having a mother focused on her weight, and on child’s appearance and weight
negative self-evaluation in the family for bulimia, if childhood obesity runs in the family for anorexia, if families are competitive, high-achieving, and protective |
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Cultural factors: - Eating Disorders
unrealistic ideals of body appearance |
unrealistic ideals of body appearance
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