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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the criteria for MR diagnosis?
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Assess Intelligence
Assess Adaptive Functioning Problems prior to age 18? |
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Instruments used for assessing intelligence
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WAIS and/or WISC
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Instruments for assessing adaptive behavior
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Vineland, SIB-R, or Adaptive Behavior Scales
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What are the steps for assessing for an LD?
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Assess Intelligence (Ability)
Assess Functioning (Achievement) Look for discrepancy (24 pts) Discrepancy and Impairment in Functioning = LD If LD assess for processing deficits |
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Instruments for assessing achievement
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Woodcock-Johnson Achievement
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Instruments for assessing processing
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Woodcock-Johnson Cognitive
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What is a significant discrepancy between ability and achievement?
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24 pts between FSIQ and Broad Ability scores on WD-J
2 Standard Deviations between Achievement Score and Ability Score |
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How do we assess a measures reliability?
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Test-Retest
Alternate Forms Internal Consistency Inter-rater/Inter-scorer reliability |
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Why do we assess reliability?
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It tells us how much error is in the observed score and allows us to construct confidence intervals
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How do we calculate the Standard Error of Measurement
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SEM = sd * sqrt of 1-r where r = reliability coefficient
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How do we calculate confidence intervals (CI)?
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CI = X(score) + or - 1SEM for 68% if population
CI = X(score) + or - 2SEM for 95% of population |
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What is the minimaly acceptable reliability coefficient?
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.80
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Types of Validity
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Content Validity
Criterion Related Validity Construct Validity |
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IQ Range of Mild Level of MR
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55 to 70
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IQ Range of Moderate Level of MR
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40 to 55
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IQ Range of Severe MR
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25 to 40
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IQ Range of Profound MR
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25 and below
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Common etiology of mild/moderate MR
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normal genetic variation and/or low stimulating environment
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Common etiology of severe/profound MR
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based on medical problems (organic/physical impairments)
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Mild/Moderate vs Severe/Profound
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Public Sch vs Institutionalized
Identify in preschool vs infancy May test out of MR range vs Lifelong Low IQ in Family vs Family members of any ability level Low SES vs Any SES group |
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What is adaptive functioning?
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self-care, communication skills, interpersonal skills, practical skills (money), vocational skills
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What are we measuring when we assess infant intelligence?
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developmental progress - not age at which a milestone is met, but their progress in the sequence of expected development
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Is infant intelligence a good predictor of future intelligence?
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No, low correlations. Infant intelligence is highly variable
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Predictors of IQ decline in old age
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physical health, cardiovascular functioning (exercise), SES, social contact, cognitive stimulation
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What pattern of scores on the WAIS or WISC suggests ADHD may be an issue?
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significantly lower scores on the WMI and PSI than the VCI and PRI (use GAI as best estimate of IQ in this case)
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Differences/Similarities between the Wechsler scales of IQ and the WD-J measure of achievement
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seperate tests for adults & children vs same test for everyone
Starting points based on age vs grade Scaled scores vs Weighted Scores FSIQ and Striatum III 'g' Subscales and Striatum II Subtests and Striatum I |
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Test Administration with an individual who is easily distracted
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Take several breaks, make eye contact, ask if they are ready b4 each item, don't shorten instructions, point alot, note difficulty with time limits, testing of limits, compare/contrast FSIQ and GAI
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Why is the criteria, impairment in adaptive functioning so important for a diagnosis of MR?
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It keeps high functioning individuals from being diagnosed MR,
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Important aspects of informed consent before testing
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explanation of test and the use of the results in terms that can be understood
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Sources of Variability in Behavior Ratings
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Rater
the time the setting the complexity/structure of the measure |
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Rater Variability in Ratings
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Motives, Bias, Characteristics of the Rater
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Time Variability in Ratings
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When does the bx occur? May be exclusive to a certain time of day
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Setting Variability in Ratings
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Demands of the setting,
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Complexity/Structure of Measure Variability in Ratings
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Reading level required for measure?
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Signs of Psychosis in the Draw a Person Test
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Omission of Sig Body Parts
Transparency Distortion Vertical Inbalance Head/Body Simplification Poor Overall Quality Sexual Differentiation Sexual Elaboration |
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Signs of Impulsivity in the Draw a Person Test
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short completion time, discontinuity, aggressive content, sig omissions
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What is meant by test sensitivity?
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the tests ability to easily detect certain characteristics - too sensitive gives false pos - not sensitive enough gives false neg
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What does it mean to say a test is specific?
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the test differentiates certain characteristics/disorders from others - does not produce elevations based on overlapping symptomology - too specific false neg, not specific enough false pos
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PAI vs MMPI-2
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rational empirical vs empirical
4 point respons scale vs T/F 4th grade reading level vs 8th grade non-overlapping vs overlapping scores PAI has the skyline to help in interpretation |
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Purpose of Mental Status Exam
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Typically used in medical setting when there has been a sudden, rapid change in functioning (organic, brain injury, drugs or alcohol)- Brief and Efficient
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Sources of Error in Behavior Assessment
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Observer
Behavior Coding System Setting |
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Approaches to Bx Assessment
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Narrative Recording
Interval Recording Event Recording Behavior Ratings Behavior Interviewing Self-Monitoring Cognitive-Behavioral Approach |
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Def: Broadband Measures
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assess for a variety of traits and charateristics
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Narrow Band Measures
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assess for a single disorder or area
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Def: Rational Scale Development
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based on theory, the researcher
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Def: Empirical Scale Development
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based on research and empirical development
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Def: Rational-Empirical Scale Development
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combines theory with empiricism, write items based on theory and then evaluate validity
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Def: Factorial Scale Development
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statistically factored out
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What approach was used to develop the PAI?
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Rational-Empirical Approach
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PAI INC Scale
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Inconsistancy - items with similar or opposite content
Elevation: not paying attention or careless in responding |
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PAI INF Scale
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Infrequency - strange for anyone to endorse
Elevation: random responding, not paying attention |
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PAI NIM Scale
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Neg Impression Mgt-Fake Bad
Elevation: lying, exaggerating, overreporting Moderate Elev: cry for help |
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PAI PIM Scale
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Pos Impression Mgt-Fake Good
Elevation:lying |
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What was the method used to develop the MMPI-2?
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Empirical
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MMPI-2: ? Cannot Say Scale
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missing items > 30 do not interpret
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MMPI-2: L (Lie) Scale
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Elevations: faking good, not psychologically minded or naive, t = 65 don't interpret
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MMPI-2: F Scale
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Infrequency: Unusual items
Elevated: overreporting, faking bad |
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MMPI-2: K Scale
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Defensiveness: minimizing or denying, under reporting
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MMPI-2: VRIN Scale
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variable response inconsistency, inconsistent responding
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MMPI-2: TRIN Scale
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true response inconsistency, do they say true or false more often?
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MMPI-2: S Scale
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Superlative, high functioning individuals K
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MMPI-2: F - K Index
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more stable index of whether they are faking good
> 13 = overreporting < 0 = underreporting |
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Clinical Cut Offs for the
PAI : MMPI-2 : MCMI-III |
70 : 65 : 85
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MCMI-III Clinical Personality Scales
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1 - Schizoid
2a - Avoidant 2b - Depressive 3 - Dependent 4 - Histrionic 5 - Narcissitic 6a - Antisocial 6b - Aggressive 7 - Compulsive 8a - Passive-Aggressive 8b - Self-Defeating |
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MCMI-III Severe Personality Scales
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S: Schizotypal
C: Borderline P: Paranoid |
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MCMI-III Clinical Syndromes Scales
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A: Anxiety
H: Somatoform N: Bipolar-Manic D: Dysthymia B: Alcohol Dependence T: Drug Dependence R: PTSD |
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MCMI-III Severe Syndromes
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SS: Thought Disorder
CC: Major Depression PP: Delusional Disorder |
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What are the two phases to the Rorschach Inkblot Test?
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Free Association
Clarification |
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Uses of the Draw a Man Test
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Cognitive Development
Signs of Pathology/Psychosis Indicators of ADHD |
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PAI Clinical Scales
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Som
Anx Anx related disorders Depression Mania Paranoia Schizophrenia Borderline Antisocial Alcohol Drugs |
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PAI Treatment Consideration Scales
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Aggression
Suicide Stressors Non-Support Treatment Rejection |
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PAI Interpersonal Style Scales
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Dominance
Warmth |
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MMPI-2 Clinical Scales
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1 - Hs- Hypochondriasis
2 - Depression 3 - Hy - Hysteria 4 - Psychopathic Deviate 5 - M/F 6 - Paranoid 7 - Psychasthenia 8 - Schizophrenia 9 - Ma - Hypomania 0 - Social Introversion |
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MMPI-2: Conversion V
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1 and 3 higher than 2
convert psychological distress into physical symptoms |
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MMPI-2: Inverted V
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2 higher than 1 and 3
chronic condition, learned to tolerate discomfort |
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MMPI-2: Scarlet O'Hara V
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4 and 6 higher than low 5
Passive-Aggressive, manipulative, demanding, need attention |
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MMPI-2: Psychotic Valley
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6 and 8 higher than elevated 7
psychotic disorder |
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MMPI-2: Sawtooth Pattern
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Borderline
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