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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dissociation
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Universal Human Capacity
Includes: Absorption Narrowing Unawareness of environment self awareness suspended time and perception distorted |
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3 Main contexts of Dissociation
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1 Response to acute trauma
2 Socially sanctioned rituals and healing practices 3 Spontaneous fluctuations in everyday experiences |
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Psychophysiology of dissociation
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physological activation / arousal in time s of stress
suppression of arousal in dissociation |
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Neurobiology of dissociation
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cortico limbic model
inhibiting of emotional tagging of perceptual and cognitive material by activity in cortex results in suppressed autonomic arousal |
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Autonomic arousal
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unconscious nervous response, controls flight or fight
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Continuum of dissociative experience
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Mild = highway hypnosis
Moderate = depersonalization / derealization Sever = dissociative amnesia / alterations in identity |
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Why study ASC
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explore boundaries between normative/non-normative experience
Local understandings of perception and reality How body and mind co create experience within social context |
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Approaches to understanding ASC
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Individual Psychiatric
Bourguignon, Spiro, DeVos Sociological/Structural Lewis, Ong, Body Integrative Seligman, Kirmayer, Lester |
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Individual Psychiatric
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Dissociation as psychological function
protect self from trauma - adaptive |
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Healing in Individual Psychiatric model
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confession
telling and integrating traumatic memory victim --> survivor (narrating moral personhood) |
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Drawback of Individual/ Psychiatric view
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doesnt include context
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Sociological Structural view
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dissociation primarily a social phenomenon
creates social space for performance of self allows opportunity for talking about self experiences by attributing to another agent |
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Sociological view: Lewis Boddy and Ong
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resists medicalization, focus on function of dissociation in context
meanings vs. mechanicsms never involuntary product |
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Drawback of Sociological / Structural view
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doesnt consider why dissociation might be suited to structural/adaptive issues
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Integrative View of dissociation
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dissociation as cognitive resource management strategy
sometimes but not always socially marked may be highly socially scripted, but still maintains neurobiological substrate |
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Integrative view of dissociation meaning and mechanism
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self-regulatroy process of attention
changes developmentally over lifespan in response to context possible that our link of dissociation with trauma is because we dont allow dissociation in other circumstances |
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Anxious Bliss
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multiple meanings of ASC and how people cope
nun with dissociative experiences could mean: religion. medical. psychiatric Accepting the non-knowing |
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Me Myself and Ed
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using language of ASC to describe normal states of consciousness
We are multiple Ed as entity Accomodation vs Exorcism |
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Take Home Points for ASC
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dissociation has underlying neurobiological substrate that is taken up and given meaning in cultural contexts
Western view of dissociation as pathological derives from concern with unitary bounded self Anthropological studies of dissociation can illuminate alternate ways of being in and experiencing reality that challenge our notions as culturally rooted |
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Emotion as master category in the west
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emotion as essence, as aspect of human nature
emotions as genetically encoded biological fact sought in supposedly more permanent structures of human existence (vs ideology or culture) ex: spleen, soul, genes, heart |
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Concept of Emotion is cultural
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constructed primarily by people rather than by nature
contains unspoken assumption that we can identify the essence of emotions that emotions are universal that emotions are separable from both their personal and social contexts |
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Concept of emotion is ideological
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exists in a system of power relations and plays a role in maintaining it
Western gender ideologies Emotion = irrationality, subjectivity women = emotional gender reinforces ideological subordination of women |
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Emotions and morality
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emotions entail moral judgments about interpersonal relationships
emotions help sustain moral understanding of the self Shame (external sanction) vs Guilt (internal sanction) |
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Catherine Lutz's argument
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emotions are cultural
emotions are ways of characterizing relationship between people emotions serve Complex communicative moral and cultural purposes emotions are not simply labels for internal states |
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Catherine Lutz advocates...
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viewing emotions as discourse rather than discoverable facts
critiques hydraulic operations of emotions as beyond control of individual |
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Ambivalence in Western idea of emotion
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emotion as both
1 Seat of the true self AND 2 Defective personal process |
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Emotion as seat/depths of the soul
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lack of emotion is the hallmark of inhumanity
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Emotional discourse
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naturalizes views of emotion as:
female value subjectivity uncontrollable act irrational danger and vulnerability physicality natural fact subjectivity |
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Reinforcement of emotional discourse
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found in language, emotional labels seen as physical boundaries rather than best approximations of more complex processes
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"song"
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justifiable anger
predicated on a moral judgement that one has been offended attempt to portray the event to others in a particular way involves claim about the world that must be negotiated with others |
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Song is not anger
American conception of anger |
Hydraulic model
offending event > anger > attempt at control > loss of control > act of retribution |
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Model of song
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offending event (usually breaking of rule or taboo) > perception of moral transgression (socially negotiated) > restitution/reparation of relationship
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Crucial elements of anger and song
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what counts as an offense
what values underlie the sense of offense what entity is potentially offended |
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Emotions and ideological practice
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emotion concepts are tied to moral judgements
reinforce existing power relationships |
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Michelle Rosaldo
The Shame of the Headhunters |
Phillipines - Ilongot
study examinesissues of shame/guilt how do we make sense of kind generous people who view murder as wrong and yet go on killing rampages with no thought for the effects of guilt and shame? |
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Headhunter's Paralysis
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young headhunter sometimes freezes up in the middle of a raid
Local explanation: immobilized by the smell of blood "Heaviness" invades his heart Local solution: older man cuts off a lock of his hair, hoots loudly, calls for "lightness" |
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Explanations of Headhunter's paralysis
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Naive Psychologist - frozen with fear
Naive culturalist - takes local explanation and ends there Third Explanation - paralysis is cultural symptom in response to stress - overwhelmed by ambivalence, shame, guilt |
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Feeling of shame in Ilongot
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shame less about presocial self that needs to be controlled and more about conflicting claims of hierarchy and sameness
speaks more of reserve than disguise tied more to timidity, embarassment, awe, obedience, and respect |
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Ilongot Shame
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2 Dimensions
A. Awareness of deficiency or slight - motivator to acquire new skill or knowledge B. Restraint and caution that helps preserve collaboration, maintain connection to others |
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Shame in Headhunting
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killing is casting off of "weight"
transforms the shameful weight of childhood into the ease and respectful "shame" of adults |
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Ilongot Shame and relation to paralysis
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killing not enough to bring about transition from juvenile to adult shame
paralyzed killers are men who are struck by awareness that they are not the same as their happy peers in the process of killing - sense of inadequacy cutting hair reaffirms man as part of group |
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Take Home Points for Emotion and Selfhood
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emotions are culturally constructed
emotions entail moral judgments about people and relationships emotions communicate socially when we study emotion cross culturally, we are really studying emotion discourses this requires translating between "their" emotion discourse and "our" emotion discourse |
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Learning to be Human
Major areas of contention in studying the self |
is there a single or multiple selves
is the self a necessary illusion is there a new postmodern self (fragmented, dividied, saturated) does the concept of self vary cross culturally? |
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Single Vs. Multiple selves
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Do we have one core self consist across all contexts?
Or do we have multiple selves ar play eg: student, son, friend, employee, partner |
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Self as Necessary Illusion
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Notion of self becomes way of talking about disparate experiences
helps smooth over gaps in experiences self as narrative construction (consecutive drafts) |
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Postmodern self
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No executive self - fragmented and partial experience
saturated self (gergen) self in action self (Holland) |
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Understanding of self bound up with understanding of emotion
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self/emotion as something can be deliberately altered by science
emotions as the result of individual choice parts of ourselves we keep hidden, masterable self as divine calling self contains many layers, early experiences as emotional core self as unregulated that needs to be controlled |
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Does the concept of self vary cross culturally
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western concept of self thought to be "peculiar" (geertz)
bounded unique integrated center of awareness and agency distinctive whole |
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Egocentric self
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closed
individuated autonomous independent |
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Sociocentric self
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open
relational interdependent |
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Comparative studies of self
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western self not unitary
distinction between cultural concepts of self and subjective experiences of self |
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Doug Hollan
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American students and grief
cultural model of strength and independence but greiving reveals degree to which we understand our selves to be at least partially constituted by the others with whom we interact Toraja and demands on goodwill cultural model of cooperation and consideration but maintain this is based on choice to do so |
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Weisner
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ethnography is a unique approach to understanding why people do what they do
"scientific" in the sense that we go to the field with schemas which are tested, revised or discarded, retested, etc involves qualia as well as quanta - denser understandings of phenomena |
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Take home points for understanding the self
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like emotion, the self is a cultural construct that may approximate aspects of experience, but is not exhaustive in its explanatory power
research shows that people have self experiences that do not always conform to cultural notions of proper selves |
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Ethnographic problem of Saints and Scholars
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How do we account for the fact that the Republic of Ireland has the highest hospitalization treatment rate for mental illness?
Calls Ethnography a "necography" |
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Building blocks of Scheper-Hughes' argument
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Rural Ireland is dying
Spirit of anomie and despair Cultural stagnation Ireland in a virtual state of psychocultural decline |
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More Building blocks of Scheper-Hughes' argument
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disintegration of village social life and institutions
seperation and alienation of the sexes guilt and shame oriented socialization process guarantees the loyalty of at least one male child to parents, home and village through systematic scapegoiting cultural attitudes towards the resolution of stress outside of family life and through patterns of dependaency on total institutions |
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Scheper Hughes's questions going into her research
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is the nature of parent-child relations in Ballybran schizophrenogenic
what are the effects of economic, social, and family conditions, as well as centuries of cultural and religious traditions, on the high rates of schizophrenia |
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Scheper Hughes' methods
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Thematic Apperception Tests
Essays Projective techniques |
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Scheper Hughes and theory
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Foucault's view of madness as a projection of cultural themes
Attempting a broad cultural diagnosis of those pathogenic stresses that surround the cming of age in rural Ireland |
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Scherpe Hughes Analytical Strategy
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Parallels between geography and psychological characteristics
Detail about the history of the parish What links exist between history and present |
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Demographic Decline in Ballybran
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Reduced in half by famine
population in 1964 was 461 one out of every three adult males is married predominant household is nonconjugal unit |
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Characterizing the village
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winter regulars - solitary group of parish bachelors
fabric of social life once rooted in intense familism is "rent beyond recognition given the virtual disappearance of necesseary relations" |
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Demographic Change
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flight of girls and middle aged women from small villages
1 to 6 ratio of eligible females to males |
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Economic Change
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impact of agrarian capitalism and world marketing
push to take land away from western farmers to give to agrarian corperations negative image of western farmers - parasites |
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Constrictions of village institutions
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consolidation and closure of schools
creamery closed down |
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Anomie, Alcoholism and Mental Illness
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anomie expressed in :
drinking patterns and alcoholism sexual devitalization high incidence of mental illness |
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Seamus
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younger, viewed as head of household, no luck finding wife
exposes self to village virgins, becomes patient at Dingle clinc paranoid schizophrenic outbursts of irrational rage hostile and uncooperative |
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Padraec
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older, woman hater, terror of women
cries in shirt when woman tries to talk to him |
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Traditional Irish family in ballybran
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three generational stem family
patrilocal patriarchal began to change in early 1940s |
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Changing Gender dynamics
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scarcity of women gives them new independence and authority
women initiate courtship women more involved in family business and decision making |
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Interpretation of Irish celibacy and sexuality
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Psychosocial analyses sugest that the basic personality structure of the Irish male pivots around feelings of masculine inadequacy and ambivalent hostility and dependency feelings toward women, originating in strong mother-son Oedipal conflicts
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Anomie in relationships
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lack of sexual vitality
familistic loyalites exaggerate latent brother sister incestous inclincations emotional climate fearful of intimacy and mistrustful of love excessive preoccupation with sexual purity and pollution, fostered by ascetic Catholic tradition |
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Dingle Peninsula
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the western region of Ireland, characterized by agrarianism and fishing, in a state of rural decline
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Jimmy Hennesy
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youngest son, schizophrenia, phobias of water, knives, incapacitated
i. alcoholic, noncommunicative |
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Michael Hughes
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husband, secondary school teacher in parish, distributed many TATs and disagreed with many of Nancy’s methods
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An Clochan
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the real name of the pseudonym parish Ballybran
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Projective Tests
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when people project their own feelings and emotions on ambiguous materials given to a test subject
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Labeling Theory
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self fulfilling prophecy that if you are labeled as sick, you will act as such
i. sociological, and not psychological construct |
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Sick Role
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person labeled as sick acts out as sick because of their label
i. doctors tell patients that they are sick, and they have no control ii. acceptability of mental illness – legitimacy of problems Role in family as person to blame family's problems on |
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Mazeway Disintegration
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Wallace’s term of the pathways that society gives us to deal with the problems in society
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Ductas vs. Naduir
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blood/kinship vs. nature, patrilineal vs. matrilineal
i. local understanding/folk model of how personality is formed |
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Irish Double Bind
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situation of male who has no way out; damned if you stay, damned if you leave
i. leaves men feeling like they have no way out, they regress and turn to mental illness |
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Paddy-ban
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affectionate term for favorite son Paddy
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Dry Marriages
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Impotent men and barren women will get married and not have kids
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Taking the Mickey / Having a Craic
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a joke at another male’s expense, boy social relations
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Children have no sense
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children don’t have physical sense, you can lie to them, they can feel no pain, they are dumb
i. some children hold on to blame ii. generational transmission – people who find this horrible are not actually bearing children |
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Adaptive nature of schizophrenia
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shamanism, Deveraux’s theories, schizophrenic can point to problems in society more easily and culture can “see into itself”
i. Joan of Arc example – schizophrenic as saintly, prophetic ii. revitalizing capacity |
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Irish vs Samoan child rearing
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– laissez-faire rearing, lack of attention, different treatments of boys and girls; girls given more responsibility which is beneficial in Samoan culture, but encourages girls to leave in Irish culture
i. boys pampered ii. birth order – eldest sons are “prepared for export” and pampered, but younger sons are not pampered, and not taught skills so that they are tied to the household later |
