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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 Major Periods of Freud
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1. 1886-1895- began practice, explained neurosis, used hypnosis, theories of neurology- couldn’t explain conscious behavior “Especially sexually, all neuroses involve unbearable ideas”
2. 1985-1899- self analysis- letters to Flies the main source of info, at age 39, daughter Anna was born outwardly Freud was happy, but inwardly he was moody, anxious, dep, experimented w/cocaine, cancer of the jaw. Began to interpret dreams- saw free association could be applied to self, dream had unconscious wishes embedded. For example, Father died in 1896, began to see hostilities in dreams- jealousy, rivalry, ambitious, resentments, etc. Childhood mems began catching up- became convinced childhood was origin. Sx went away in 1897-1898- relapse but another dream brought mems of mother as substitute—1899 never relapsed again. 1900 interpretation of dreams. 3. 1900-1914- Id Psychology- delved further into unconscious through dream interpretation and how dream organized. Free association, slips of tongue, symptomat |
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hysteria
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phys sx w/o medical cause
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free association
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write dream down, first thing you hear in mind as I read dream, write down and see where goes. Unconscious wish embedded in every dream
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sexual
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any form of physical or psychic pleasure, who we are sexually depends on how we are in the world
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hydraulic model
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discharge of psychic E in sexual pleasure. Sex is an instinct that needs discharge (psychologically). Due to buildup, object/person on whom E is discharged.
neurosis- a conflict between ego and id; a fixation or regression to infantile stage |
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instincts/drives
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a physical state, internal, a constant. Body needs sthg, like food, in order to survive or feel at rest- takes priority over anything else. Drives have to be discharged, reducing the impetus is most important, or else psychic energy is not free for other things if no E, you can’t expand on your awareness
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4 parts of instincts
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impetus- a force or amount of demand on energy/awareness
aim- satisfaction, in returning to homeostasis, obtained by eliminating the stimulus at the physical source- hunger/food object- whatever or whomever through which or in which the aim is achieved. The memory of an object and the actual object are the same thing in the id. source- the physical part or the body or organ that is stimulated, or part of the body represented mentally (e.g., memory) |
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impetus
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a force or amount of demand on energy/awareness
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aim
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satisfaction, in returning to homeostasis, obtained by eliminating the stimulus at the physical source- hunger/food
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object
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whatever or whomever through which or in which the aim is achieved. The memory of an object and the actual object are the same thing in the id.
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source
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the physical part or the body or organ that is stimulated, or part of the body represented mentally (e.g., memory)
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psychoanalysis
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one of the psychodynamic theories, Freud’s tx method, free association, associations, dreams, slips of the tongue, process by which you can get to unconscious material, takes specific training
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psychodynamic
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general term for any therapy where the focus is some internal conflict (source of prob) this is why existential (Yalom), Gestalt could qualify, as dynamic- one thing in conflict w something else
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5 structures of the mind
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id
ego superego self preconscious/unconscious |
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id
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contains the instincts (2 jobs- energy w/tension buildup, release of tension through impulsive action), contains everything at birth, inherited, innate. Id is entirely unconscious, known mainly through dreams. Pleasure principle is at work here- operates by primary process- immediate gratification of the aim/id= the source of all energy (id alone could never survive). The way your unconscious mind works is not by logical laws, contradictions do not apply, but contradictory processes do exist. No sense of time or the passing of time, no values, no right/wrong, no morality, no fear
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principle of id
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pleasure
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unconscious/preconscious
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unconsc is anything that is not in consc awareness, the tip of the iceberg (consc), The unscons is the largest part of the mind. The preconsc can become consc, but usually w/some censorship.
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ego
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operates on the Reality Principle and secondary process- problem-solving, rational thinking, reasoning ability, planning, provides the appropriate object for achieving the aim, makes the distinction between the subjective urge (id) and the objective situation (real world). Its tasks are to store, monitor, avoid overstimulation, maintain moderate stimulation, deal w/id (internal stimulation), decide whether to act, delay, or suppress urge, deal w/ external and internal conflicts. Can break down without sufficient support for its devo. Can become overwhelmed w/ stress. Gets E from the id. Secondary process is about prob solving, rational thinking, reasoning, makes distinction between subjective urge (id) and real world. You can get things in line as the ego strengthens and integrates.
when you see primitive ego defenses- prob w/ ego devo (splitting) when you see complex, sophisticated defenses- prob w/ego strength (projection) |
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principle of ego
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reality
secondary process |
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secondary process
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problem-solving, rational thinking, reasoning ability, planning, provides the appropriate object for achieving the aim, makes the distinction between the subjective urge (id) and the objective situation (real world).
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superego
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“You know you are in the presence of an overly harsh superego when the demands are superhuman.” Operates via the Moral Principle-
Ego ideal- child’s internalized concept of what parents believed are good (rewards). Conscience- what the child internalized ab what the parents believed was bad (punishment). Can be done physically or psychologically by the addition or removal of an object to either increase or reduce tension. Overly harsh superego- ongoing tension bc ego is treated w/ scorn, guilt can become excessive |
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principle of superego
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moral
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ego ideal
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child’s internalized concept of what parents believed are good (rewards).
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conscience
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what the child internalized ab what the parents believed was bad (punishment). Can be done physically or psychologically by the addition or removal of an object to either increase or reduce tension.
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self
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an ongoing subjective state, homeostatic subjective experience. Includes everything
else: Id, Ego, Superego, Object representations, etc. Established over time- once established try to maintain as a constant, whenever threatened try to keep it constant, even if subjective experience is painful (e.g., blurred boundaries or self-abasement)// we don’t want to give this up- this is why people need therapy |
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levels of false self
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1. the worst level- nothing is real- I’m not real and neither are you//total false selves by both parties, who can “sell” the other what? Life is a giant game, we’re playing for our own advantage
2. real self is held back for sthg acceptable/protection. Deliberately performing here and there while hanging on to true beliefs, real self is unacceptable and false self presented to world 3. “chip off the old block” overidentified with parents- “mom believed it so i do, too”. No sep between parent/child 4. Look for appropriate places and people/situations to connect w/ real self, ex) department party. True self seeks intimacy w/others. Real self expressed only when safe |
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false self
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a replacement for the true or real self, devos when parents don’t accept or appreciate child’s real or true self. message= that’s no good, the way you are. Some children withstand this better (ex) Sandy’s example of boy who kept criticisms separate from himself vs girl who was visibly upset). Most children cope by replacing true self w/false self for protection// dx levels
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3 elements of self
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1. continuity/discontinuity
2. fragment/wholeness 3. genuineness/authenticity |
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degree of fragmentation/wholeness
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under pressure, ego may fragment (not dissociation), but looks like confusion, identity diffusion, self-contradictory, no identity holding itself together, crisis of the week //there are degrees of fragmentation
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degree of continuity/discontinuity
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who are you in dx situations? does this hold together? would all these ppl say they know the same person? // want a self that holds together in dx situations
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degree of authenticity/genuineness
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to what extent is this an authentic/real self, or to what extent do ppl perform, put on a show, etc? ex) self-esteem- how much do i value, or appreciate myself? high- can value self authentically (the real me), low- unclear ab real self, don’t value themselves (not capable, competent, lovable, etc).
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Freud's psychosexual stages
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1. oral
2. anal 3. phallic 4. latency 5. genital |
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oral stage
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(birth-1)- focus of pleasure is the mouth, lips, tongue ex) sucking, spitting, biting, gumming//don’t leave me, be there for me
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anal stage
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(2-3)- focus of pleasure is the sphincter muscles ex) hold on to feces and then release, potty training- a battle ensues between the parents’ control and the chil’d control// adults- control, dominance
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phallic stage
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(4-6)- focus of pleasure is the genitalia through masturbation, voyeurism, exhibitionism, asking ab sex// Oedipal complex // adults looking at porn
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latency stage
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(6-12)- Freud thought children lost interest in genitalia, but people can get stuck here, currently rx and cross-cultural studies do not support the latency period
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genital stage
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(12+)- focused on real intimacy ex) genitalia + relationship// intimacy becomes another source of pleasure. You’re not likely stuck unless you or someone else is unhappy- you can get stuck at any stage, usually 1 at a time.
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resolution of oedipal conflict- boys
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1. mother is first love object, boys fantasize about mothers sexually, want to possess her.
2. realize father is a rival, is bigger/stronger, father would never accept boy’s yearning for mother 3. castration anxiety 4. resolved when boy identifies with father and gets married (replacing his mother) |
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resolution of oedipal conflict- girls
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1. mother is first love object.
2. father is second love object 3. mother is the rival 4. castration complex// penis envy, one can be stuck here (dx w/ vaginal orgasm, dx relating w other women) 5. girl has to identify with mother (who lacks a penis) problems, you are lacking and must identify with rival (who also lacks) to be resolved 6. resolved when married to father and has baby |
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3 types of anxiety
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moral
neurotic objective |
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anxiety
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an emotional state of dread and apprehensions
fear of sthg, about the external (objective anxiety) internal (neurotic anxiety)- id impulses, anger, sexual desires fears of punishment (moral anxiety)- thinking/doing sthg contrary to ego ideal all ego defenses are about reducing anxiety |
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aggression
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an instinct to take action toward satisfaction of an id impulse- survive and achieve pleasure. Adler said that aggression is an instinct, inherent and inborn, you need it. SEX is the instinct toward pleasure, Aggression is the instinct that allows you to take action to achieve pleasure// they activate and shut down together (ex) dep, anhedonia, low E)
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fixation
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when the person is stuck at some earlier level of devo. People can become fixated on objects that symbolize and object of attachment at an earlier stage. The point in devo where a person is fixated has bearing on neurotic sx and ego defenses// if men are stuck, they act out (pass/fail)
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ego defenses
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when ego fxn is impaired or overwhelmed by experiences too traumatizing or threatening, the ego removes from consc awareness the threatening stimuli (internal or external). All ego defenses are unconscious and reduce anxiety, but not 100%. Anxiety is produced by poor ego functioning.
“You can’t cope w/ reality if you’re defending against it.” Upside: helps decrease anx Downside: don’t help us cope w/reality, don’t work 100%, causes pain |
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ambivalence
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simultaneous strong opposing feelings, like love/hate. Usually sexual/agg impulses directed to the same person. Can include ambivalent oscillation where decisions become impossible. “I’m stuck and you need to decide valence”
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avoidance
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temptations that might result in a feared punishment are eliminated by eliminating the activity or the object ex) peacekeeping, passivity
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conversion
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psychic E and anxiety are transformed into a physical manifestation, often symbolic in nature ex) afraid to get angry- “heat in my head”
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countertransference
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emotional and negative responses to an act on the part of the therapist are inaccurate and counterproductive to therapy
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denial
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ego threatening stimuli are not admitted to. The simplest (some believe most primitive) of ego defenses. The refusal to perceive the reality accurately ex) chairman of committee
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devaluation
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a person is perceived as only having negative chars or where only the bad aspects of the person are recognized as representative of the person// person, place, subject matter= all bad
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displacement
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threatening stimuli are first denied or repressed, then displaced or redirected onto another (usually safer) object. ex) angry at boss, but express anger at wife
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exaggeration
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a person defends self by reacting to stim out of proportion to it 00> gets ppl out of anx situation, justification for not dealing w/ it ex) woman asks husband to turn out lights before leaving “why is it always me who has to do everything?”
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idealization
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person is perceived as having only positive/good chars, only good chars are recognized as representative of that person// person, place, subject matter= all good
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identification
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person behaves, or imagines themselves behaving like another person with whom they have an emotional attachment- usually the other person is a feared or revered person in a position of authority, ex) boss’ office w/ him and famous ppl, credentials
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intellectualization
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threatening emot are repressed/denied and replaced w/ cog abstractions
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introjection
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the chars of another person are absorbed into the self in order to withstand the narcissistic threat of possible loss/separation. For example, the badness of another person (abusive/neglectful parent) are taken by child as “I am bad”” // guards against loss, primitive
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isolation
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threatening emotions or ideas are expressed in some neutral way with little appropriate affect ex) “I guess you could say I hate myself”// get a hold of feeling and take it out of situation// Spock
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merger (Narcissistic)
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narcissistic ego defense where ppl are viewed as “satellites” or extensions of the self, rather than a separate person in their own right. There is little tolerance for the other person’s interests in other ppl or autonomous activities.
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mirroring (narcissistic)
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narcissistic ego defense where the good qualities of self are expected to be reflected back by others- little tolerance for criticism or denial of personal goals or aims, ex) “if you really loved or appreciated me, you would never say no to me”
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negation
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a threatening feeling/emotion/wish is repressed and then enters consc awareness as not true, thus rendering it harmless. ex) “I don’t really get mad at my wife, but I wish she wouldn’t talk about my not having a job in front of my friends”
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negative transference
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negative chars, attitudes, bx of a past person are ascribed to another person in the present
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positive transference
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pos chars, attitudes, bx of a past person are ascribed to another person in the present
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projection
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unacceptable aspects of the self (feelings, thoughts, personal attributes) are first repressed and then ascribed to some other persons, or groups// dx to deal w/ bc sophisticated, prognosis goes up bc ego is doing a good job and you have to be pretty smart to do it.
a) some aspect of self is unacceptable, b) repressed, c) projected. |
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projective identification
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a primitive internalized bad object is felt as hostility and agg impulses, which are repressed and then projected onto another person, who is perceived as dangerous (dx from transference bc there are efforts to control, the other has bad intentions, who is running the show?) //the person is feared and efforts are made to control them ex) borderline ct and open door
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rationalization
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the person doesn’t admit to intentions/actions that are at odds with perceived intentions. Unacceptable bx are explained in a way that fits w/ self-perception. The defense is apparent when person’s bx doesn’t fit beliefs of themselves and they have to “reach” hard for the explanation, plus they are unwilling to consider any other explanation. //sthg is ego dystonic, so I have to explain it in a way that does fit (ex) cheated on wife bc she doesn’t understand me”
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reaction formation
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unacceptable feelings, thoughts, wishes first repressed and then replaced by their opposite can be distinguished from other genuine feelings bcrxn formation is expressed in rigid, exaggerated, or overdone ways (ex) “My mother was a saint.”)Any extreme form of bx can indicate rxn formation
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regression
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person reverts back to a previous (earlier) stage of devo. Usually triggered by some distressing event and may be transitory or ongoing. ex) dep/anx before exam and can’t study. It isn’t regression if you didn’t get any further!
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repression
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a big deal bc other defenses depend on it! Either external or internal events, feelings, thoughts, etc., never enter into consc awareness or are pushed into unconsc.
- primary- percept never reaches consc awareness and goes straight to unconsc - secondary/proper- percept is consc, then pushed into unconsc |
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splitting
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very primitive, part objects are safer bc they can’t overwhelm the other, starts to resolve around age 15 months, resolved when whole object integrates (we both have good and bad parts). Object (usually mother) is perceived as 2 good or bad separate objects, correspondingly the self is viewed as 2 good or bad selves (ex) infant, bad part object of the mother is too threatening- what if bad mother can overwhelm good mother and good self? keep them separate and I’m safer) // in splitting, you go back and forth between all good and all bad// are you a good person or a bad one?// say nothing when you’re a good object, wait until you’re a bad object and remind of time they thought you were good
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unresolved splitting
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separate objects
-self all good -self all bad -other all good - other all bad |
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resolved splitting
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S+ S- both me
O+ O- both her |
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sublimation
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a sexual impulse (sexual energy) is deflected onto some non-sexual activity. These can be benign. ex) person w/ sadistic tendencies becomes pro football player
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transference
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the chars, attitudes, or bx of a past person transcribed to a current parson. Can occur in any relationship
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twins
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a narcissistic ego defense where the other person is seen as desirable to the extent that they are the same as the narcissist
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undoing
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an action is performed to “magically” abolish the consequences of some other forbidden act or thought ex) agg/hostile thoughts can be undone by generous Christmas gifts
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narcissistic injury
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true self unacceptable to parent, must devo false self that is grandiose, not real//fallback when you don’t have a real self (ex) marshmallow)
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3 narcissistic ego defenses
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1. merger- people are satellites or extensions of the self, rather than separate ppl// little tolerance for other ppl’s interests in others or autonomous activities
2. mirroring- the good qualities of self are expected to be reflected back by other people. Little tolerance for criticism or denial or personal goals/interests. “If you really loved me, you’d never say no to me.” 3. twins- other person is seen as desirable to the extent that they are the same as the narcissist //I like you because you’re just like me. The more you’re like me, the more I like you. |
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how narcissistic ego defenses produced
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//How produced? 1. Child raised by narcissistic parent. 2. Parent plaes unreasonable demands on child, child used/consumed as an object (ex) “take care of me”
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transference
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an ego defense where attributes of one person are transferred onto another.
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2 reasons transference is important
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1. client repeats their hx in therapy
2. therapy context allows client to understand and change things. Once transferred, the client can work to gain insight. Transference is how we pick our friends, lovers, etc |
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transference neurosis
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regressive transference with therapist as object. Infantile (repressed) stuff projected onto therapist as object of gratification. Expressed in regressive bx or the defenses against it (regressing)
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therapy and resolution of transference
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// you need to understand the history to understand the transference
**Therapy is conducive to resolving the transference and successful resolution of transference neurosis= cornerstone of psychodynamic therapy. //you see it in how they relate to you, self-observe bx, reality testing (in the moment feedback) |
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Freud Stage 3
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1900-1914- Id Psychology- delved further into unconscious through dream interpretation and how dream organized. Free association, slips of tongue, symptomatic bx, failures, mistakes, jokes, etc, religion, art. A unified theory of psychic energy regulates discharge Hydraulic model. Why that sx- meaningful? Sx aimed at someone in particular. Began to look at devo- psychosexual stages. Sexual trauma as main source of neurosis- depends on the stage.
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Freud Stage 4
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1914-1939- Ego Psychology- started w/ unbearable sexual ideas, with neurosis as a defense (repression, hadn’t devod another defense really as much) against unbearable sexual ideas. Neurosis involves sexual trauma. Neurosis is a fixation or regression to infantile stage. Anxiety as originating in the ego, not true id, since anx isn’t about real danger but perceived threat to self. New instincts Eros (life) and Thanatos (death). Added superego to deal w/ moral problems.
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