Psychobiology Sleep

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Acetylcholine

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A neurotransmitter synthesized from Acetyl CoA and choline by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase. Over stimulation may cause depression

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adenosine

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inhibitory neurotransmitter, believed to play a role in promoting sleep and suppressing arousal, with levels increasing with each hour an organism is awake.

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Alzheimer's disease(AD)

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A type of dementia characterized by progressive neurological degeneration and a profound deterioration of mental functioning.

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Anterograde Amnesia

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An inability to recall events after injury to the brain

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Arcuate Nucleus

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A hypothalamic nucleus that produces neuropeptide Y and releases it into the PVN and the leteral hypothalamic area.Triggered increases carb and fat intake causing weight gain.

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Learning

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A long term change in behavior as a function of experiences

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Memory

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The capacity to retain and retrieve the experiences.

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Habituation

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A decrease in response following repeated exposure to a non threatening stimulus.
EX: Pants on skin

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Sensitization

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an increase in reactivity to a stimulus following exposure to an intense event.
EX: being scared from someone sneaking up from behind you.

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Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)

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-A stimulus that involuntarily elicits a reflexive response.
- The involuntary response to the stimulus.

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Conditioned Stimulus(CS)
Conditioned Response(CR)

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an initially neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after pairing with a UCS
-Learned Reaction
EX: pavs dogs salvation without taste of food.

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Operant Conditioning

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Learning how to behave to obtain reinforcement
EX: coins flowing out of slot machine, or how to behave to avoid punishment.

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Reinforcers

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events or activities (the jackpot) that increase the frequency of the behavior that precedes an event or activity. (putting quarter in the machine)

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Punishers

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events or activities that decrease the frequency of the behavior that precedes them.
EX: Ticket for speeding

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Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

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A model of memory storage in which an experience is sequentially stored in the sensory register, the short term store, and the long term store.

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Sensory Register

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In the Atkinson-Shiffrin model the initial storage site where a memory is held for a brief time without modification.
EX:phone #, short time, o.5-1 sec.

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Short-Term Store

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a temporary storage site for our experiences in whic memories can remain for 5, 10, or 15 seconds, or even longer. depends on rehearsal and amount of information.
(rehearsing phone number)

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Long -term Store

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The site of permanent memory storage.
-storage does not mean retaining it forever, info can decay.

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Working Memory

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A system that permits the remporary storage and manipulation of information required for tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning.

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Episodic Memory

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the memory of temporarily related events experienced at a particular time and place..
-memories of the events in your life.

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Semantic Memory

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Memory of knowledge converning the use of language and the rules, formulas, or algorithms for the development of concepts or solutions to problems
-.Facts and rules on how to do things.

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Procedural Memory

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Skill memory or the memory of highly practiced behavior.
-not accessible to conscious awareness.
-evidence of this can only be seen through observation of performance.

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Declarative Memory

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factual memory, or the memory of specific events.
-EX: start of fav tv show is on at 8:30pm.

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Retrograde Amnesia

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An inhibility to recall events that preceded a traumatic event.

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Long-Term Potentiation

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An increased neural responsivity that follows a brief, intense series of electrical impulses to neural tissue.
-A brief stimulus is enough to produce ltp.
-can last for days or weeks.

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NMDA Receptor

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A receptor that is sensitive to the neurotransmitter glutamate.

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Beta Activity

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a rapid desynchronized EEG pattern of small voltage changes that occurs when a person is awake and active.

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Body Temp.

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A measure of the body's ability to generate and get rid of heat.

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Brain Atrophy

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known as cerebral atrophy, is a condition in which cells in the brain are lost, or the connections between them are damaged.

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cataplexy

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A sudden, complete lack of muscle tone that sometimes accompanies narcolepsy

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Cholecystokinin(CCK)

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A neuropeptide hormone that may serve as a satiety(being full) sensor.

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Cholinesterase Inhibitors

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developed to improve the effectiveness of acetylcholine either by increasing the levels in the brain or by strengthening the way nerve cells respond to it. Decrease in acetylcholine is shown in Alzheimer patients.

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circadian cycle

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a change in biological and behavior functioning that occurs in a 24 hour period.

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circadian rhythm

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(intrinsic rhythm ) controls the biological and behavioral changes during the cycle.

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cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (cart)

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CART is a neuropeptide that also serves as a neurotransmitter. appears to have roles in reward, feeding, and stress.

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cortisol

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-Cortisol is produced by the adrenal gland
-Metabolism; stress
aiding in fat, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism

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cytokines

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any of a number of substances that are secreted by specific cells of the immune system which carry signals locally between cells, and thus have an effect on other cells. They are a category of signaling molecules that are used extensively in cellular communication. They are proteins, peptides, or glycoproteins.

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Hormones

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a chemical produced by the endocrine glands that is circulated widely throughout the body via bloodstream.
-

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free running rhythm

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a 25 hour (or more) sleep wake cycle that develops in the absence of natural light-dark cycles.

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zeitgeber

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an external time cue that resets an animals biological clock every 24 hours

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suprachiasmatic nucleus

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an area in the brain that regulates the circadian cycles.located in the medial hypothalamus.

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reticular formation

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a network of nuclei and pathways beginning in the hind-brain and extending through the midbrain.stimulating it results in alertness and arousal

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stage 1 sleep

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first stage of light sleep characterized by theta activity.4-7 hz

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stage 2 sleep

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second stage of sleep characterized by sleep spindles and k complexes in addition to theta activity.

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sleep spindle

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a 1-2 second birst of activity of 12-14 hz that occurs during stage 2 sleep

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sage 3 sleep

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addition of delta activity.

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stage 4 sleep

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delta waves predominate.

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slow wave sleep

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stages 3 and 4.the rate of activity is slower that in waking states.

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rapid eye movement (REM)

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the phase of sleep in which the EEG pattern resembles the waking state, the eyes move behind closed lids and muscle tone is absent.