Psychobiology Ch 13

Front 1

learning

Back 1

the process of acquiring new information

Front 2

memory

Back 2

the ability to store an retrieve information
the specific info stored in the brain

Front 3

learning vs memory

Back 3

you cant learn something without remembering it and you cant remember anything without learning it

Front 4

types of long term memory

Back 4

declarative
nondeclarative

Front 5

declarative memory

Back 5

things you know that you can tell others
-info, facts, seen from eyes, personal
answers what

Front 6

nondeclarative

Back 6

things that you know that you can show by doing
riding bike, tying shoe.
-answers how

Front 7

amnesia

Back 7

severe memory impairment

Front 8

retrograde amnesia

Back 8

the loss of memory formed before onset of amnesia

Front 9

anterograde amnesia

Back 9

inability to form new memories after onset of a disorder

Front 10

Patient H.M

Back 10

Henry Molaison- suffered from epilepsy- surgery to remove amygdala, the hippocampus, and some cortex
-seizures went away after surgery but he could not longer form new long term memories. he just had old memories

Front 11

protein synthesis happens in

Back 11

long term memory

Front 12

delayed non matching to sample task

Back 12

a test of object recognition that requires monkeys to declare what they remember.
-monkeys mist identify what was not seen previously, over a range of delay time.

Front 13

what causes impairment on the delayed non matching to sample task

Back 13

medial temporal lobe damage

Front 14

critical for declarative memories

Back 14

hippocampus

Front 15

clive wearing

Back 15

patient who developed severe memory problems after a viral infection damaged his temporal cortex. couldn't make new memories. severe anterograde amnesia. mild retrograde amnesia

Front 16

Patient N.A

Back 16

amnesia due to accidental damage to the Dorsomedial thalamus and mammillary bodies.
-has short term memories but cannot form declarative long term memories.
-shows large memory network

Front 17

Korsakoff's syndrome

Back 17

memory deficiency caused by lack of thiamine--seen in chronic alcoholism.
-brain damage in mammillary bodies and dorsomedial thalamus
-patients fail to recognize familiar objects
-patients often confabulate--fill in gaps in memory with false things

Front 18

parts of brain for memory

Back 18

hippocampus
mammillary bodies
dorsomedial thalamus

NOT WHERE MEMORIES ARE STORED

Front 19

2 types of declarative memory***

Back 19

1. episodic- also called autobiographical memory- memory of a particular incident or time or place
2. semantic- generalized facts that you don't know where you learned, knowing the capital of france.

Front 20

3 types of nondeclarative memory***

Back 20

also called procedural
1. skill learning, the process of learning a task by repetition
2. priming- a change in the way you process something, because you have seen it previously
3. conditioning- association is learned between two stimuli, or between stimuli and response.

Front 21

associative learning

Back 21

the association between two stimuli. or between stimuli and response

Front 22

classical conditioning

Back 22

a neutral stimulus when paired with another stimulus that elicits a response, is able to elicit that same response when presented alone.

Front 23

Pavlovian Classical Conditioning

Back 23

meat powder- unconditioned stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response --salivation
Bell sound- conditioned stimulus and the learned response to the conditioned stimulus- salivation is the conditioned response

Front 24

instrumental conditioning

Back 24

or operant conditioning--association is made between behavior (instrumental response) and the consequence of behavior (reward)

Front 25

eye blink conditioning

Back 25

when a puff of air hits the eye and a tone is played. the tone alone becomes an conditioned stimulus to the eye blinking
-shows an intact cerebellum

Front 26

researchers use this to

Back 26

study neural circuits in mammals.
Information converges on the cerebellum:
The corneal stimulus (US) via the trigeminal pathway The auditory stimulus (CS) via the auditory nuclei

Front 27

positive reinforcement

Back 27

introduction of event or activity that increases frequency of behavior

Front 28

negative reinforcement

Back 28

removal of event or activity that increases frequency of behavior

Front 29

object recognition task can measure

Back 29

sensory perception
declarative recognition memory

Front 30

patients such as H.M and clive wearing and N.A have disruptions to their?

Back 30

declarative memory system

Front 31

cognitive map

Back 31

mental representation of spatial relationship

Front 32

place cells and location

Back 32

become active when in or moving towards a particular location- found in hippocampus

Front 33

brain region important for spatial learning

Back 33

hippocampus

Front 34

radial maze

Back 34

subject must navigate a maze that has 8 or more arms and gets a reward at the end
tests spatial location memory

Front 35

morris water maze task

Back 35

a rat must swim through murky water to find a rest platform just underneath the surface

Front 36

main place where memory happens

Back 36

hippocampus---but not storage of memories

Front 37

declarative memory happens in...

Back 37

cortex

Front 38

skill learning happens in

Back 38

basal ganglia, motor cortex, and cerebellum

Front 39

priming happens in

Back 39

cortex

Front 40

conditioning occurs in

Back 40

cerebellum

Front 41

iconic memories

Back 41

briefest and store sensory impressions

Front 42

short term memories STM

Back 42

usually last only for seconds or throughout rehearsal

Front 43

long term memories LTM

Back 43

last for days to years
can be retained without rehearsing for hours or days

Front 44

3 aspects of functional memory system

Back 44

1. encoding- sensory info is encoded into short term memory
2. consolidation- info may be consolidated into long term storage
3. retrieval- stored info is retrieved

Front 45

3 things that store events in the nervous system

Back 45

molecular, synaptic, and cellular

Front 46

new learning and memory formation involves

Back 46

changes in the strength of synapses
new synapses
birth of new neurons

Front 47

neuroplasticity

Back 47

(neural plasticity) the ability of the nervous system to change in response to experiences or environment

Front 48

synaptic changes

Back 48

-more neurotransmitter released from axon terminal
-postsynaptic membrane becomes larger/ more sensitive
-synapse enlarge both pre and post synoptically
-a interneuron connects to pre terminal and releases more transmitter molecules per impulse
-a circuit that is used often increases number of synaptic contacts
-more frequently used pathway takes over synaptic sites that are less active

Front 49

3 housing conditions for rats

Back 49

1. standard conditions SC
2. impoverished or isolated condition IC
3. enriched condition (enriched environment) EC

Front 50

animals housed in enriched condition have

Back 50

heavier, thicker cortex
enhanced cholinergic activity
more dendritic branches and spines on cortical neurons
larger cortical synapses
more neurons in hippocampus (neurogenesis)
enhanced recovery from brain damage

Front 51

habituation

Back 51

a decrease in response to a stimulus as it is repeated

Front 52

experiment with slug

Back 52

Aplysia- CA sea slug- water squirted into their siphon- eventually stopped retracting their gill because they realized the water was no longer a threat