Psychobio Test 2

Front 1

psychoparmacology

Back 1

study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and on behavior

Front 2

Drug Effects

Back 2

the changes a drug produces in an animal's physiological processes and behavior

Front 3

Sites of Action

Back 3

locations at which molecules of drugs interact with molecules located on or in cells of the body, thus affecting some biochemical processes of these cells

Front 4

Pharmacokinetics

Back 4

the process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted

Front 5

IV (Intravenous) Injection

Back 5

Injection of a substance directly into a vein
-fastest

Front 6

IP (Intraperitoneal) injection

Back 6

into peritoneal cavity; space around stomach etc.

Front 7

IM(Intramuscular)Injections

Back 7

Injection of a substance into a muscle

Front 8

Subcutaneous (SC) Injection

Back 8

Injection of a substance into the space beneath the skin

Front 9

Oral administration

Back 9

Administration of a substance into the body by swallowing

Front 10

Sublingual administration

Back 10

administration of a substance by placing it beneath the tongue

Front 11

Intrarectal administration

Back 11

into the rectum

Front 12

Inhalation

Back 12

vaporous substance into the lungs

Front 13

Topical

Back 13

substance absorbed through the skin

Front 14

Intracerebral administration

Back 14

directly into the brain

Front 15

Intracerebroventricular (ICV)

Back 15

into one of the cerebral ventricles

Front 16

Dose response curve

Back 16

drug dose vs. effect; after a certain point it doesn't produce a stronger effect

Front 17

Margin of safety

Back 17

between the analgesic (nothing) and depressive (bad) effets of a drug

Front 18

Tolerance

Back 18

a decrease in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly

Front 19

Sensitization

Back 19

an increase in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly

Front 20

Withdrawal

Back 20

sympotoms opposite to those produced by a drug when the drug is administered repeatedly and then suddenly no longer taken

Front 21

Placebo effect

Back 21

an inert substance given to an organism in lieu of a physiologically active drug
-used experimentally as a control

Front 22

Antagonist

Back 22

opposes or inhibits the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell

Front 23

Agonist

Back 23

facilitates of mimigs the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell

Front 24

Contingent Tolerace

Back 24

drug tolerance that develops as a reaction ot the experience of drug effects rather than to drug exposure alone

Front 25

Conditioned tolerance

Back 25

tolerance effects are maximally expressed when a drug is administered in the same situation in which it has prevously been administered

Front 26

Neurospychopharmacology

Back 26

-theraputic uses of drugs
-addictive properties of drugs
-effects on behavior
-effects on NT systems

Front 27

3 Major dopaminergic systems

Back 27

-mesolimbic
-mesocortical
-nigrostriatal

Front 28

Catecholamines

Back 28

AMPT blocks L-DOPA formation from tyrosine

Front 29

Mesolimbic DAergic System

Back 29

-soma in Ventral temental area
-axons project to the nucleus accumbens and amygdala (associated w/ reward)
-addictive properties of drugs

Front 30

Mesocortical DAergic system

Back 30

-soma in the VTA (ventral tegmental area)
-axons project to prefrontal cortex
-planning behavior
-short term memory

Front 31

Nigrostriatal DAergic system

Back 31

-soma in substantia nigra
-project to corpus straitum-coordinating movements
-loss here in Parkinson's disease leads to progressive motor deficits

Front 32

Reserpine

Back 32

-makes synaptic vesicles leaky
-inhibition of storage

Front 33

Cocaine

Back 33

blocks dopamine reuptake

Front 34

Amphetamine

Back 34

reverses reuptake mechanism

Front 35

PCPA

Back 35

blocks serotonin synthesis from tryptophan

Front 36

serotonin

Back 36

-9 diff receptor types
-SSRI-serotonin reuptake inhibitor (prozac-depression)
-Fen-fen; fenfluramine

Front 37

ecstacy

Back 37

reverses reuptake mechanism for serotonin
-also affects norepinephrine

Front 38

Direct agonists of Serotonin

Back 38

LSD

Front 39

ACh Receptors

Back 39

Nicotinic and Muscarinic

Front 40

Nicotinic

Back 40

Ionotropic; found in brain, skeletal muscle

Front 41

Muscarinic

Back 41

metabotropic
-found in brain salivary grands, sympathetic ganglia, heart muscle, eye, stomach, colon bladder

Front 42

Curare

Back 42

blocks nicoinic receptors
-paralysis b/c signals can't get from neurons to muscles

Front 43

Botulinum toxin

Back 43

prevents ACh release
-paralysis

Front 44

Black Widow Spider Venom

Back 44

facilitates ACh release;
many symptoms

Front 45

Atropine

Back 45

blocks muscarinic receptors
-dry mouth
-pupillary and bronchial dilation
-decrease in secretions

Front 46

Glutamate

Back 46

-amino acid NT
-most important EXCITATORY in brain
-produced in neurons by metabolism
-no effective way to block synthesis without disrupting other cell activities

Front 47

Glutamate Receptors (4)

Back 47

-NMDA
-AMPA
-Kainate
-Metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGlur)

Front 48

AMPA

Back 48

most common Glu receptor
-ionotropic Na+ channel

Front 49

Kainate

Back 49

stimulated by Kainic acid
-ionotropic; Na+ channel

Front 50

NMDA

Back 50

6 diff binding sites-4 extracellular and 2 deep in ion channel
-ionotropic; permeable to Na+ and Ca2+ after depolarization
-important for memory and learning
-Mg blocks at rest

Front 51

Dynamic Regulation of Synapses

Back 51

NMDA receptors cascade into making more AMPA receptors

Front 52

"silent synapses"

Back 52

post synaptic current applied, but no current flow

Front 53

GABA

Back 53

synthesized from Glutamate
IPSP

Front 54

2 GABA receptors

Back 54

A & B

Front 55

GABAa

Back 55

ionotropic; Cl- channel

Front 56

GABAb

Back 56

metabotropic; K+ channel

Front 57

Barbituates, Benzodiazepines, and steroids

Back 57

indirect agonists on the GABAa receptor (alcohol)

Front 58

Neuropeptides

Back 58

most are neuromodulators and some are neurotransmitters

Front 59

Endogenous Opiods

Back 59

-receptors stimulated by opiates
-3 types of receptors (mu, kappa, delta)

Front 60

Enkephalins

Back 60

first discovered endogenous opiods
-abuse-->reward pathway
-important for analgesic effects

Front 61

Lipid NTs

Back 61

-derived from fat molecules

Front 62

THC

Back 62

-active ingredient in marijuana--> produces analgesia, sedation, and relieves nausea
-congintion, concentration, memory

Front 63

Anandamide

Back 63

first endogenous cannabinoid discovered

Front 64

Nucleosides

Back 64

-based on a sugar molecule
-neuromodulator
-present in ALL cells
-released when cell short of fuel or oxygen

Front 65

Adenosine

Back 65

receptors usually suppress neural activity
-sleep control
-CAFFEINE blocks

Front 66

Soluble Gases

Back 66

Nitric Oxide-synthesized by oxide synthase
-used as a chemical messenger
-NO RECEPTORS
-diffuses out of cell
-activates an enzyme responsible for producing a second messenger molecule (cGMP)

Front 67

Neuraxis

Back 67

imaginary line drawn through the center of the CNS from the bottom of the spinal cord to the front of the forebrain

Front 68

Layers of the Meninges

Back 68

Dura-->Arachnoid mater-->subarachnoid space-->pia mater

Front 69

Cerebrospinal fluid

Back 69

supports the weight of the brain and reduces shock

Front 70

Ventricles

Back 70

4 follow spaces located in the brain CSF

Front 71

Choroid Plexus

Back 71

specialized network of blood vessels that produce CSF

Front 72

Neural Plate

Back 72

in begining of neural development

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Notochord

Back 73

makes certebrates; signals induce cells to thicken and fold

Front 74

Neural Groove

Back 74

tube forming by motion of cells folding in; becomes ventricles

Front 75

Anencephaly

Back 75

brain doesn't develop

Front 76

Hydrocephaly

Back 76

large ventricles, not a lot of brain

Front 77

Spina Bifida

Back 77

menigoscele-evagination of meninges through back filled w/ csf

Front 78

encephalocele

Back 78

part of brain sticks out of head

Front 79

brain end product

Back 79

around 1400 g or 3 lbs

Front 80

founder cells

Back 80

cells of the ventricular zone that divide and give rise to cells of the CNS

Front 81

Symmetrical division

Back 81

division of a founder cell that gives rise to 2 identical founder cells; increases the size of the ventricular zone
-->brain that develops from it

Front 82

asymmetrical divison

Back 82

division of a founder cell that gives rise to another founder cell and a neuron which migrates away from the ventricular zone toward its final resting place

Front 83

apoptosis

Back 83

death of a cell caused by chemcial signal that activates a genetic mechanism inside the cell

Front 84

radial glia

Back 84

special glia w/ fibers that grow radially outward from the ventricular zone to the surface of the cortex; provide guidance for neurons migrating outward during brain development

Front 85

forebrain

Back 85

rostral; telencephalon and diencephalon

Front 86

cerebral hemisphere

Back 86

covered by cerebral cortex

Front 87

subcortical region

Back 87

w/in the brain
-contains limbic system and basal ganglia

Front 88

gyrus

Back 88

a convolution of the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres

Front 89

sulcus

Back 89

groove in the surface of the cerebral hemisphere

Front 90

fissure

Back 90

a major groove in the surface of the brain, larger than a sulcus

Front 91

major sulci of the brain

Back 91

central sulcus, parieto-occipital sulcus, and sylvian or lateral fissure

Front 92

lobes of the brain

Back 92

occipital, temporal, frontal, parietal

Front 93

postcentral gyrus

Back 93

somatosensory cortex
touch

Front 94

precentral cyrus

Back 94

motor cortex

Front 95

forebrain

Back 95

telencephalon
diencephalon

Front 96

midbrain

Back 96

mesencephalon--tectum

Front 97

hindbrain

Back 97

mylencephalon (medulla) and metencephalon (cerebellum)

Front 98

telencephalon

Back 98

neocortex
limbic cortex
prefrontal cortex
corpus callosum

Front 99

neocortex

Back 99

priamry sensory cortex, primary motor cortex, and association octex

Front 100

limbic cortex

Back 100

old; hippocampus; olfactory cortex

Front 101

prefrontal cortex-

Back 101

formulating plans and strategies

Front 102

corpus callosum

Back 102

large bundles of axons that intercconnects corresponding regions of teh cortex on each side of the brain

Front 103

Limbic System

Back 103

amygdala and cingualte gyrus

Front 104

amygdala

Back 104

structure in the interior of the rostral temporal lobe involved in emotions

Front 105

cingulate gyrus

Back 105

srip of limbic corex lying along the medial walls of the cerebral hemispheres

Front 106

Basal Ganglia

Back 106

-telencephalon
-caudate nucleus, globis pallidus,and putamen
-provide fine control move movement

Front 107

Diencephalon

Back 107

b/w telencephalon and mesencephalon
-surrounds 3rd ventricle
-thalamus and hypothalamus

Front 108

thalamus

Back 108

project info to specific regions of the cerebral cortex and receive info from it
lateral, medial, ventrolateral nuclei (vision, hearing, and motor)

Front 109

hypothalamus

Back 109

beneath the thalamus
-controls AUTONOMIC nervous system
-4 F's-fighting, feeding, fleeing, and mating
-controls anterior and posterior pituitary glands

Front 110

Pituitary gland

Back 110

hypophesis

Front 111

adenohypophesis

Back 111

anterior pituitary gland
-"Master gland"
-ENDOCRINE GLAND whose secretions are controlled by hypothalamic hormones

Front 112

nuerohypophesis

Back 112

posterior pituitary gland
-has hormone secreting terminal buttons of axons whose cell body lie in the hypothalamus
"nuerosecretory cells"

Front 113

Mesencephalon

Back 113

midbrain
-region that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct
-tectum and tegmentum

Front 114

Tectum

Back 114

dorsal part
-superior colliculus (vision)
-inferior colliculus (hearing)

Front 115

Tegmentum

Back 115

-ventral
-periaqueductal gray matter
-reticular formation
-Red nucleus
-Substantia nigra

Front 116

Periaqueductal gray matter

Back 116

pain fibers

Front 117

reticular formation

Back 117

sleep, arousal, attention

Front 118

red nucleus

Back 118

motor control

Front 119

substantia nigra

Back 119

motor control

Front 120

Hindbrain

Back 120

metencephalon and myelencephalon

Front 121

Cerebellum

Back 121

-metencephalon
-dorsal to pons
-2 cerebellar hemispheres covered in cerebellar cortex
-motor system

Front 122

Medulla oblongata

Back 122

meyelencephalon
-most caudal
-nuclei that control vital functions-cardiovascular, respiration,and skeletal muscle tone

Front 123

direct agonist

Back 123

a drug that bidns w/ and activates a receptor

Front 124

direct antagonist

Back 124

receptor blocker

Front 125

indirect antagonist

Back 125

attaches to a binding site on a receptor and interferes with the action of the receptor; doesn't interfere with the binding site for the principle ligand

Front 126

indirect agonist

Back 126

drug that attaches to a binding site on a receptor and facilitates the action of the receptor; doesn't interfere with the binding site for the principal ligand