Psychoanalytic Theory

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Freud's Structural Theory

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Id
Ego
Super-Ego

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Freud's Dynamic Theory

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1: Oral - (Birth - 18 months)
2: Anal - (18 months - 3 years)
3: Phallic - (Ages 3 - 6)
4: Latency - (Ages 6 - 12)
5: Genital - (12 +)

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Repression

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The ego excludes painful or undesirable thoughts, memories, feelings, or impulses from the conscious

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Projection

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The individual assigns undesirable emotions and characteristics to another individual

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Reaction Formation

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The individual expresses the opposite emotion, feeling, or impulse from that which causes anxiety

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Displacement

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Energy generated toward a potentially dangerous or inappropriate target is refocused to a safe target. A positive displacement is called sublimination, whereby the frustrating target is replaced with a positive target.

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Regression

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The person returns to an earlier stage of development

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Rationalization

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An individual creates a sensible explanation for an illogical or unacceptable behavior, thus making it appear sensible or acceptable

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Denial

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An individual does not acknowledge an event or situation that may be unpleasant or traumatic

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Identification

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A person takes on the qualities of another person to reduce the fear and anxiety toward that person.

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Transference

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Occurs when a client casts the counselor in a role that meets the client's needs (For instance, one could mistrust somebody who resembles an ex-spouse in manners, voice, or external appearance; or be overly compliant to someone who resembles a childhood friend.)

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Primary goals of psychoanalytic counseling

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1) Bring the unconscious into the conscious
2) Work through a developmental stage that was not resolved or where the client became fixated
3) Adjust to the demands of work, intimacy, and society

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Primary Psychoanalytic Techniques

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1) Free association - The client verbalizes thought without censorship, no matter how trivial the thoughts or feeligs may be to the client
2) Dream Analysis - The client relates dreams to the counselor, who interprets the obvious or manifest content and the hidden meanings or latent content
3) Analysis of Transference - Wherein clients are encouraged to attribute to the counselor those issues that have caused difficulties with significant authority figures in their lives.
4) Analysis of Resistance - Wherein the counselor helps the client gain insight into the causes that form the basis for a hesitation or halting of therapy
5) Interpretation - Wherein the counselor helps the client gain insight into past and present events.

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Psychopathology

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Results from failing to meet one or more critical developmental tasks or becoming fixated on an early level of development

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Neurotic personality development

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Regarded as an incomplete resolution of one of the stages of psychosexual development

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Behavior is determined by:

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Unconscious forces, early experiences, and sexual and aggressive impetus

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Techniques used in psychoanalytic theory

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1) Maintaining the analytic framework - The therapist strives to adhere to strict relational rules including nondisclosure, utilizing psychoanalytic techniques, maintaining the contractual agreement for payment of fees, scheduling sessions regularly
2) Free Association - Encourages the client to say whatever comes to mind in order to facilitate the unconscious
3) Interpretation - The process of analyzing the material the client reveals from the unconscious via free association and dreams
4) Dream analysis - Encourages clients to report and discuss their dreams
5) Analysis and interpretation of resistance - Involves an analysis of the ways the client is resisting the process of change
6) Analysis and interpretation of transference - Therapist interprets and discusses the significance of the transference process and the therapist-client relationship

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Ego Defense Mechanisms

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Protect the individual from being overwhelmed by anxiety

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Contributions of psychoanalytic theory

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1) Provides a framework for exploring an individual's history and his or her relationship to the present by way of the unconscious
2) The concept of resolving resistance to the change process is a key aspect of the success of the therapeutic process
3) Many of the techniques of the therapy can be applied to other therapeutic models, including the development of interpersonal therapy

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Limitations of Psychoanalytic Theory

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1) For people utilizing traditional psychoanalytic therapy, a prolonged therapist training period is required. Furthermore, work with clients tends to be long term
2) The importance of action to alleviate the problem is not recognized
3) The basic concepts of the theory are not verifiable by empirical research
4) The theory is based on neurotic rather than healthy personalities
5) The theory cannot be used in crisis counseling when immediate solutions are needed.
6) Traditional psychoanalytic theory does not take into account social, cultural, and interpersonal variables, although some of the derivate schools of thought in psychodynamic theory do.

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Abreaction

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The emotional reliving of past painful experiences

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Anxiety

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The result of repressing threatening thoughts or feelings

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Borderline Personality Disorder

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The pathology that develops when an individual fails to adequately develop in the separation-individuation phase, characterized by instability, irritability, self-destruction, impulsive anger, and extreme mood shifts.

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Compensation

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An ego-defense mechanism that helps develop positive traits to make up for individual limitations

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Countertransferance

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A reaction toward the client by the therapist that can interfere with objectivity. It is generally related to the unmet and sometime subconscious needs of the therapist.

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Ego psychology

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A theory of ego development reflecting different stages of life

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Electra complex

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The unconscious sexual feelings of a daughter toward her father, coupled with hostility toward the mother

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Free Association

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The technique of permitting the client to say whatever comes to mind without censoring

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Fixation

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The process of getting stuck at a particular stage of psychosexual development

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ID

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The part of the personality that is ruled by the pleasure principle; the center of the instincts, which are largely unconscious

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Interpretation

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A technique of the therapist to explain a particular event or behavior

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Interjection

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An ego-defense mechanism in which the client takes on behavior learned from another.

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Libido

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The energy of all life instincts, including sexual energy

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Narcissistic Personality Disorder

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A personality disorder characterized by extreme self-love, an exaggerated sense of self-importance, and an explosive attitude toward others; these attitudes usually hide a poor self-concept

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Object Relations

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The theory that describes the interactional system of self and other; this theory is strongly based in developmental concepts

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Oedipus Complex

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The unconscious sexual feelings of a son toward his mother, coupled with hostility toward his father.

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Resistance

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The client's unwillingness to share feelings and thoughts, or to make changes, in order for the psychoanalytic process to be successful

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Psychic Energy

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The drive that propels a person's behavior and psychological functioning

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Sublimation

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The process of redirecting sexual and other biological energies into socially acceptable and creative avenues

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Superego

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The part of the personality that determines what is right and wrong and strives to be "good"

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Symbiosis

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A relationship between two individuals that is advantageous or necessary to both; if an individual does not progress beyond this stage, borderline personality disorder can develop

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Working Through

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The process of exploring unconscious material, ego defenses, transference, and resistance