Psychoactive Drugs Test 2

Front 1

What are the divisions of the Nervous System

Back 1

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

Front 2

What makes up the Central Nervous System

Back 2

Brain and Spinal Cord

Front 3

What makes up the Peripheral Nervous System

Back 3

Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System

Front 4

What is the Somatic Nervous System responsible for

Back 4

Contrals voluntary actions and movement

Front 5

What is the Autonomic Nervous System responsible for

Back 5

It regulates "involuntary basic bodily functions such as blood pressure, heart rate- many psychoactive drugs have simultaneous effects in the brain and the ANS - many of the adverse side effects of psychoactive drugs result from effects in the ANS (eg. changes in heart rate, blood pressure, salivation

Front 6

What makes up the Autonomic Nervous system

Back 6

Sympathetic and Parasympethetic

Front 7

Name the structures from top to bottom that make up the brain stem

Back 7

Medulla, pons, midbrain

Front 8

Function of Medulla

Back 8

Controls basic functions like respiration, blood pressure, heart rate- too much suppression of activity by drugs can lead to death due to respiratory failure- a vomiting center is located here which triggered when the brain detects harmful substance in the blood.

Front 9

midbrain contains what

Back 9

Substantia nigra-structure within the midbrain which is involved in controlling movement- neurons here contrain D- This area can start to shrink with age, and this leads to parkinsons disease- antipsychotic drugs block D's effects and can produce sysmptoms that look like Parkinsons disease.

Front 10

The brain stem contrains what

Back 10

Reticular formation, cell bodies that produce
dopamine, Norepinephrine and Serotonin

Front 11

What is the reticular formation

Back 11

Contrains the ascending reticular activating system which is involved in arousal, alertness, and attention - depressant drugs decrease activity in this system and thus reduce alertness and attention - stimulants increase activity.

Front 12

Function of cerebellum

Back 12

very important in controlling movement and posture- drugs that suppress activity here cause the most obvious signs of drunkenness, staggering, loss of coordination

Front 13

What disorders have been associated with cerebellar abnormalities

Back 13

autism, schizophrenia, and affective disorders- Cerebellum involved in much more than control of movement

Front 14

Function of Hypothalamus

Back 14

Responsible for integrating the autonomic nervous system which controls internal organs such as heart lungs and intestines. Controls hormonal output of the pituitary gland. Important in behaviors that are essential for survival of the individual and survival of the species, The four F's Feeding Fighting Fleeing, Sex.

Front 15

Function of the thalamus

Back 15

Receives input from most senses (except olfaction) analyzes and intergrates this input, and then sends the integrated information to the cortex- often called a sensory relay station.

Front 16

What structures are in the Cerebral Hemisphere

Back 16

Basal Ganglia and Limbic system

Front 17

Function of Basal Ganglia

Back 17

Involved in the control of movement. does not function correctly when D levels are disturbed and are also involved in Parkinsons disease.

Front 18

Function of Limbic System

Back 18

Important in the regulation of emotions and memory and therefore are a very important site of psychoactive drug actions.

Front 19

what part of the brain makes drugs intrinsically reinforcing

Back 19

limbic system structures

Front 20

Function of hippocampus

Back 20

one major limbic system structure- involved in explicit memory, hippocampal abnormalities have been reported in major depression, PTSD, schizophrenia, and Alzheimers disease.

Front 21

function of the amygdala

Back 21

another major structure of the limbic system - important in perception of emotional stimuli, and response to these stimuli, including response to stress.

Front 22

Cerebral Cortex

Back 22

Most highly evolved part of the brain- Covers the surface of the cerebral hemisphere- the conscious awareness of sensory information, motor output, and reasoning and language are dependent on the cortex- sedating drugs decrease activity in the cortex, whereas stimulants increase it.

Front 23

name the four lobes of the brain

Back 23

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

Front 24

generic

Back 24

legal name of drug - not capitalized- listed in the US Pharmacopoeia- shorter and simpler than chemical name

Front 25

chemical name

Back 25

complete chemical description of molecule

Front 26

trade/ brane name

Back 26

specifies particular formulation and manufacturer- always capitalized - meaningful name in terms of therapeutic use

Front 27

how long does a patent for trade name alst

Back 27

20 years during which the drug cant be made and sold by anyone other than the company that patented it

Front 28

trade vs generic

Back 28

generic is supposed to be chemically equivalent and have equal bioavailability giving same level in bloodstream - want it to be clinically equivalent or have same therapeutic effect.

Front 29

methods of drug classification

Back 29

mechanism of action, molecular structure, and behavioral/psychological effects on the user

Front 30

Problems of drug classification

Back 30

drugs may have multiple effects. Usually affects more than one site in brain. Even if affects only one transmitter, that transmitter may be involved in several behaviors - changeing action of one transmitter often affects other transmitters actions. Different doses of the drug may give different effects. Behavior and characteristics of the drug taker may give different effects.

Front 31

molecular structure of ampetamines

Back 31

closely resembles dopamine and norepheniphrene.

Front 32

amphetamine mechanism of action

Back 32

synpatic vesicles recognize and try to store amphetamine which causes NE and D to leak into synpatic cleft

Front 33

Throught what neurotransmitters do amphetamines work

Back 33

Norepinephrine causes alerting and antifatigue efects - stimulation of Dopamine causes euphorai and increased motor activity.

Front 34

To much dopamine causes what

Back 34

Dopamine effects may cause psychosis at very high doses

Front 35

Cocain molecular structure

Back 35

does not resemble any know transmitters

Front 36

Cocain mechanism of action

Back 36

blocks reuptake of D, NE, and 5-HT which causes the effects of these transmitters to be prolonged

Front 37

What other neurotransmitter is involved with cocaine

Back 37

GABA and Glutamate

Front 38

Uses of Amphetamines

Back 38

Used to treat short term weight loss, narcolepsy, hyperactivity, ADD

Front 39

Uses of Cocain

Back 39

prescription use as a local anesthetic - recreational use for increased energy, confidence, positive reinforcing effects.

Front 40

Pharmacological and physiological effects for amphetamine and cocain

Back 40

similiar

Front 41

Half life of amphetamine

Back 41

10-12 hours

Front 42

Cocaine;

Back 42

1 hr

Front 43

low dose of cocaine or amphetamine

Back 43

sympathomimetic= = fight/flight/fright response by stimulating sympathetic nervous system (which involves NE) - increase BP, reflex slowing of HR, bronchial dilation, increased respiration, increased blood flow to striated muscles, etc. - EEG signs of increased arousal

Front 44

moderate to high dose of amphetamine or cocaine

Back 44

tremor, restlessness, insomnia, agitation - prevents fatigue, suppresses appetite and promotes wakefulness (get rebound effect when stop use, increased sleep, depression)

Front 45

Psychological/Behavioral of amphetamine and cocaine

Back 45

similar effects for both drugs

Front 46

Psychological/Behavioral effects at low to moderate dose of amphetamine or cocaine

Back 46

wakefulness, increased alertness, reduced fatigue, mood elevation and euphoria, increased motor activity, increased speech, increased sense of power

Front 47

Psychological/Behavioral effects at chronic high dose of amphetamine or cocaine

Back 47

paranoid mania very like schizophrenia - confused disorganized behavior, irritability, fear, suspicion, repetitive behaviors, hallucinations and delusions, may become aggressive and highly antisocial

Front 48

Adverse effects for Cocaine and Amphetamine

Back 48

similar effects for both drugs
for amphetamines, tolerance develops at different rates to different effects - rapid for appetite suppression, slower to mood elevation, little for narcolepsy and hyperactivity

Front 49

Physical Dependence of Amphetamine or
Cocaine

Back 49

physical dependence produced after chronic high doses - withdrawal leads to fatigue, profound and prolonged sleep with associated EEG changes, increased appetite, depression which can be very severe and lead to suicide

Front 50

Psychological Dependence of Amphetamine or Cocaine

Back 50

very high abuse potential if taken IV, as addictive as any drugs known in animal studies - oral use of amphetamines at prescribed levels for medical conditions rarely causes dependence

Front 51

Mechanism of Action of barbiturates and benzodiazepines

Back 51

both barbiturates and benzodiazepines bind to their own specific receptor sites in the brain
• both of these sites are located near GABA receptors
• the GABA receptor and associated barbiturate and benozdiazepine-binding sites are called the GABA receptor complex
• when barbiturates or benzodiazepines bind with their receptors, they enhance the inhibitory action of GABA on its receptors

Front 52

What speculations is there about specific benzodiazepine recptors

Back 52

there is much speculation that the fact that there are specific benzodiazepine receptors in the brain means that the brain produces endogenous antianxiety substances similar to endogenous opiates
perhaps people vary so much in anxiety level because of differences in this natural substance - haven't yet found such a substance yet, but most likely will

Front 53

Uses of Benzodiazepines

Back 53

Uses
benzodiazepines used for relief from anxiety, treatment of insomnia, alcohol detoxification; barbiturates or benzodiazepines may be used for prevention and treatment of epileptic seizures, pre-anesthetic sedative;

Front 54

Use of Barbiturates

Back 54

barbiturates are used for anesthesia - sedative-hypnotics are not analgesic (i.e., pain relieving)

Front 55

What porblem is there with benzos in relation to insomnia

Back 55

insomnia is very common - can only be properly diagnosed in a sleep lab - drugs to treat insomnia may make it worse, and many experts think insomnia should rarely be treated with drugs - Dalmane (flurazepam) was drug of choice, but it has a long half life - evidence that it is effective without increasing the dose after 4 weeks may be due to this half life and drug build up - this may also be a problem in the daytime so Halcion (triazolam) now drug of choice because of short half life (but note that it has been banned in 5 countries for causing negative psychiatric reactions) - Ambien also used

Front 56

Physiological effects of barbiturates

Back 56

barbiturates are general depressants in CNS, especially arousal centers in the reticular formation - benzodiazepines appear more specific in their effects

Front 57

Psychological effects of barbiturates

Back 57

barbiturates quite similar to alcohol and may be indistinguishable - initially get behavioral disinhibition, mild euphoria - higher doses give behavioral depression and sleep - loss of motor coordination - loss of balance

Front 58

Psychological effects of benzodiazepines

Back 58

in low doses reduce anxiety, agitation, and fear - larger doses produce effects more similar to alcohol and barbiturates