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234 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In psychiatry what things are thought to be chemical processes?
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Thought, Memory, and Mood
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What is considered "old brain?"
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Limbic system: survival, instinct, emotions
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What is considered "new brain?"
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Cerebral Cortex: intellect, language, advanced motor skills.
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What are the 4 main monoamines and what do they all do?
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1. Serotonin
2. Norepinephrine 3. Epinephrine 4. Dopamine Neurotransmission |
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What mood do monoamines put you in?
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Good :)
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What drug is very similar in structure to NE and Epinephrine?
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Methamphetamine
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What does serotonin do?
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Regulates norepinephrine
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What happens to norepinephrine levels when serotonin is low?
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Norepinephrine depletion and DEPRESSION
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What happens to norepinephrine levels when serotonin is high?
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Brain and behavioral excitation:
increased alertness improved focus excitable irritable |
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What makes up the limbic system and what do they do?
What monoamine is associated with the limbic system? |
1. Amygdala: emotions
2. Hypothalamus: appetite, libido, sleep Serotonin |
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What brain structures are affected by serotonin?
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Limbic system (amygdala and hypothalamus)
Cortex |
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What is norepinephrine synthesized from?
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Dopamine
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What happens when norepinephrine levels are low?
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Depression
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What brain structures are affected by norepinephrine?
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Limbic System
Cortex Locus Coeruleus |
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What is the Cortex responsible for?
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Cognition: Thought
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What is the Locus Coeruleus responsible for?
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Stress, anxiety, panic, REM sleep
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What structures are affected by Dopamine?
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1. Mesolimbic
- NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS 2. Nigrostriatal 3. Substantia Nigra |
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What happens with excess dopamine in the mesolimbic system?
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Delusion and Hallucinations
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What does dopamine do in the nucleus accumbens?
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produces pleasurable feelings, reward, and desire
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What happens with a blockade of dopamine in the nigrostriatum?
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Extrapyramidal side effects
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What happens with a dopamine deficiency in the substantia nigra?
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Parkinson's Disease
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What manual are most psychiatric diagnoses going to be taken from?
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DSM-IV = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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What are the six categories of mental disorders listed in the pie chart in the notes?
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1. Eating
2. Substance Abuse 3. Anxiety 4. Mood 5. Attention Deficit 6. Psychotic |
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What is the main feature of psychotic disorders?
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Hallucinations and Delusions
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Does the psychotic patient know that the hallucinations and delusions they have are abnormal?
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No
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What is a hallucination?
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Sense of perceptions without a source in the external world
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What is a delusion?
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False beliefs
A misinterpretation of reality |
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What are the different types of hallucinations?
Which is most common? |
1. Auditory
2. Visual 3. Tactile 4. Olfactory 5. Gustatory Auditory is most common |
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What are the two types of delusions that we are responsible for knowing about?
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1. Persecutory
2. Grandiose |
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What is a persecutory delusion?
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Basically being paranoid
(belief of being tormented, followed, tricked, spied on, subjected to ridicule) |
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What is a grandiose delusion?
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Belief that you have some great but unrecognized talent or insight or some important discovery.
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What are the 3 types of Psychotic Disorders discussed in class?
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1. Delusional Disorder
2. Substance-Induced Psychosis 3. Schizophrenia |
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What defines Delusional Disorder?
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-Delusions present
- Psychosocial functioning is usually NOT markedly impaired |
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What defines Substance-Induced Psychosis?
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-Hallucinations and or delusions caused by chemical
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What are common chemicals that cause substance-induced psychosis?
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1. Amphetamine
2. Cocaine 3. Steroids |
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What is the age range of onset of schizophrenia?
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16-30 years old
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What is the risk for 1st degree biological relatives of schizophrenics?
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10x
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What is the risk of schizophrenia in a child with both parents being schizophrenics?
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40x
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How do you Dx schizophrenia (Criterion A)?
What are the 5 signs? How frequently do they have to occur? |
1. Hallucinations
2. Delusions 3. Disorganized speech 4. Grossly disorganized behavior or catatonic behavior 5. Negative symptoms There must be 2 or more of these in a one month period |
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What is the exceptions to criterion A?
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Only one symptom is required to Dx if it is bizarre delusions or hallucinations involving a voice or two voices.
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What is the difference between positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia?
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Positive: too much dopamine usually causes these
Negative: a deficiency in chemicals usually cause these |
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What are some examples of positive symptoms?
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Hallucinations
Delusions Thought disorders Bizarre and agitated behavior |
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What are some examples of negative symptoms?
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Withdrawl
Blunted emotions Reduced ability to relate to people |
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What are the subtypes of schizophrenia (7)?
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1. Paranoid
2. Schizoaffective 3. Disorganized 4. Catatonic 5. Residual 6. Undifferentiated 7. Schizophreniform |
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Does psychotherapy work with schizophrenia?
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Not really... limited
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How do you Tx Schizophrenia?
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Meds
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What is the major category of drugs used for schizophrenia?
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Antipsychotics
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Drugs are effective in how many patients?
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About 2/3
33% have good response 33% have partial response 33% are resistant |
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What can antipsychotic drugs do to create a good response?
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Block D2 receptor in the mesolimbic system
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What antagonizes the effects of antipsychotic drugs?
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Drugs which increase dopamine concentration (cocaine, amphetamines)
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What mesolimbic abnormality causes positive symptoms?
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Excess Dopamine
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What mesolimbic abnormality causes negative symptoms?
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Depleted dopamine and or depleted serotonin
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First generation antipsychotics block which receptor?
What type of symptoms do they alleviate? |
D2
Positive |
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Second generation antipsychotics are also called what?
What receptor do they block? What type of symptoms do they alleviate? |
Atypical
D2 AND 5-HT(2A) (agonist at other serotonin receptors) Positive and Negative |
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What are the 2 1st generation drugs that we need to know about for schizophrenia?
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1. Phenothiazine
2. Halperidol |
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What are the 2 types of Phenothiazine that we need to know?
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1. Prochlorperazine
2. Promethazine |
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What is different about Promethazine?
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It has an anti-emetic effect because it blocks D2 in the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the medulla.
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What is an ocular side effect caused by Phenothiazine?
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Retinitis Pigmentosa
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What are extrapyramidal side effects?
Which generation is it more common with? |
Caused by blockade of dopamine receptors in the nigrostriatal pathway.
They cause acute dystonic reactions (motor problems) More common with 1st generation |
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What are acute dystonic reactions?
How can you treat it? |
Sustained contractions of muscle groups.
Oculogyric crisis - extraocular Benadryl - Diphenhydramine antihistamine |
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What causes anticholinergic side effects?
What are the anticolinergic side effects? Which drugs is it most commonly seen in? |
Cholinergic receptor blockade
Dry mouth, eyes, blurred vision, urinary retention, constipation, sedation, confusion Phenothiazines (prochlorperazine and promathazine) |
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What are 5 2nd generation antipsychotics that we need to know?
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Olanzapine
Clozapine Resperidone Aripiprazole Quetiapine |
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What are the visual side effects of these drugs?
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Olanzipine - amblyopia
Clozapine - visual disturbances Risperidone - visual distrubances Quetiapine - cataract, lens changes Aripiprazole - blurred vision |
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What are the 5 common side effects of 2nd generation drugs?
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1. Weight gain
2. Diabetes 3. Hypercholesterolemia 4. Cardiac arrhythmias 5. Increase strokes in elderly |
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Why is aripiprazole so effective?
Why is it nicer than some other 2nd gen antipsychotics? |
It's a partial AGONIST of D2
It's a partial AGONIST of 5-HT-1A It's a FULL ANTAGONIST of 5HT-2A It has less effect on weight and no hyperglycemia |
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What are the 3 main issues with ADD?
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1. Inattention
2. Hyperactivity 3. Impulsivity |
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What are the ADD subtypes?
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1. Inattentive
2. Hyperactive - Impulsive 3. Combined |
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How do you Dx ADD?
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1. Occurs in more than one setting
2. More severe than in other people the same age 3. Symptoms begin before 7 years 4. Symptoms make it difficult to function |
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What is the theory about the cause of ADD?
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It might be cause by
1. Dysregulation of dopamine system (frontal-nigrostriatal system) AND 2. Dysregulation of norepinephtine system (noradrenergic system) |
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What type of drugs are used to Tx ADD?
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Stimulants
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What do meds that treat ADD do?
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Inhibit reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine.
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What is a problem with meds to Tx ADD?
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Addictive
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What are some specific drugs used to Tx ADD?
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Amphetamines
Methylphenidate - Ritalin, Concerta Atomoxetine - Strattera |
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How does Strattera work?
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It's a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.
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Who is Strattera approved for?
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Children and adults with ADD
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What is good about Strattera?
What is bad? |
Not addictive
Increased risk of suicide in children |
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What are the 6 types of mood disorders?
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1. Depression
2. Seasonal Affective Disorder 3. Dysthymia 4. Hypomania/Mania 5. Bipolar 6. Cylcothymia |
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What is the meaning of dysphoric?
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Unpleasant
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What is the meaning of euthymic?
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normal range, neither elevated nor depressed
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What is the meaning of elevated?
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exaggerated sense of well-being, cheerfulness, or elation
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What is the meaning of irritable?
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Easily annoyed or provoked to anger
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What happens with serotonin and or norepinephrine deficiency?
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Depression
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What happens with serotonin excess?
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Hypomania, Mania
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What happens with secondary neurochemical "modulator" imbalance?
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Bipolar disorder
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Who is more likely to be depressed a man or a woman?
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Woman
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What is the likelihood of a person having another episode of depression when:
They have had 1? They have had 2? They have had 3? |
1: 50%
2: 70% 3: 90% |
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What rank does suicide have as cause of death in the US?
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11th
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What are risk factors for depression?
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1. Family Hx
2. Previous depressive episode 3. Postpartum, Perimenopausal 4. Major loss 5. Chemical abuse 6. Sexual, emotional abuse 7. Poor physical health |
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What does a Major Depressive EPISODE consist of?
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-DEPRESSED MOOD
-diminished interest/pleasure in most activities -suicidal thoughts/acts |
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What is Major Depressive DISORDER?
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2 major depressive episodes
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What is the goal of meds for Major Depressive Disorder?
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Stabilization and prevention of recurrence.
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What is Dysthymia?
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Depressed mood for 2 years PLUS a few other depression associated symptoms.
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When does dysthymia often begin?
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In childhood or adolescence
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What is Seasonal Affective Disorder?
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Mood changes based on season/sun exposure
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What are some symptoms of SAD?
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Overeating, hypersomnia, marked low energy
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Where is SAD common?
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Northwest
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What is the treatment for SAD?
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Light therapy
Meds - melatonin and SSRIs |
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What is bipolar disorder also called?
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Manic-Depression
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What is bipolar disorder?
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Mixture of depressive symptoms with hypomanic/manic episodes
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When do most of the manic episodes AW bipolar disorder occur?
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immediately before or after a major depressive episode
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What is a manic episode?
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A distinct mood change - elevated, expansive, or irritable
Must cause dysfunction and/or distress |
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What is cyclothymia?
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Altering episodes of depressive symptoms with hypomanic symptoms
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What is a hypomanic episode?
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Manic-like episode that lasts less than 7 days in duration
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How do you Tx mood disorders?
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1. Psychotherapy
2. Meds |
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Which is more effective in Tx of mood disorders, psychotherapy or meds?
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They are equally effective
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What are the 4 categories of meds used for mood disorders?
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1. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
2. Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) 3. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) 4. Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) |
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What do MAOIs do?
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They inhibit the enzyme monoamine oxidase which is an enzyme in the presynaptic neuron that breaks down serotonin, NE, and dopamine.
It increases the levels of 5-HT, NE, and dopamine |
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What is bad about MAOIs?
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Many
Side Effects Drug Interactions Food Interactions (MAOI toxicity) |
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What is MAOI toxicity?
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MAOIs inhibit tyramine degradation in the intestinal tract which leads to increased tyramine which leads to a large release of catecholamines.
Avoid certain foods |
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What foods should you avoid to avoid MAOI toxicity?
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Aged cheese
Chicken liver Beer Red wines |
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What do TCAs do?
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Block NE and 5-HT reuptake
AND Black alpha-adrenergic, histamine, and muscarinic cholinergid receptors |
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What are 2 specific TCAs discussed in class? What are they used for?
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1. Amytriptyline - sleep aid, chronic pain syndromes
2. Imipramine - Tx enuresis |
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What are the major Side Effects of TCAs?
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Anticholinergic SE (because of muscarinic cholinergic blockade): blurred vision, aggravation of glaucoma
Lethal in significant overdoses |
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How does a tetracyclic antidepressant work?
What is it used for? What is the name of a specific one? |
Blocks reuptake of NE and 5-HT
Used for sleep, appetite,stimulant Mirtazapine |
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How do SSRIs work?
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Block reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron - increases serotonin in the synaptic cleft.
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What other effects do SSRIs have?
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Non-sedating
No overdose Sexual side effects May cause withdrawal on cessation Inexpensive generics are available |
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What are 5 specific SSRIs discussed in class?
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1. Fluoxetine
2. Sertraline 3. Paroxetine 4. Citalopram 5. Escitalopram |
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What are 3 SNRIs?
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1. Venlafaxine
2. Desvenlafaxine 3. Duloxetine |
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Which SNRI is used to tx diabetic retinopathy?
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Duloxetine
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What antidepressant affects norepinephrine and dopamine?
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Buproprion
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Besides depression what else is buproprion used for treating?
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ADD and helps stop smoking
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What drug is commonly used in bipolar disorders?
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Lithium
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Does lithium treat depression?
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no
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What is bad about lithium?
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It's toxic
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What is important to monitor?
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Blood levels - routinely to monitor effectiveness and toxicity
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What are the 5 anxiety disorders?
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1. Panic Attack
2. Panic Disorder 3. Generalized anxiety disorder 4. Obsessive-compulsive disorder 5. Posttraumatic stress disorder |
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What is the "fight or flight" response a response to?
What is released in the body? What does it cause? |
Normal response to actual OR perceived threat.
Norepinephrine and epinephrine Tachycardia, mydriasis, shaking, prep for muscle action |
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What is a panic attack?
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DISCRETE period of intense FEAR or DISCOMFORT
plus associated symptoms |
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What induces a panic attack?
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Can be unexpected or situationally induced.
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How does a panic attack develop and how long until it peaks?
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Abruptly
Peaks within 10 minutes |
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What is panic disorder?
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1. Recurring panic attacks
2. Followed by: - persistent concern about another attack - worry about implications or consequences of another attack - significant change in behavior related to the attacks 3. With or without agoraphobia |
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What is agoraphobia?
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Fear of being in places that would be hard or embarrassing to escape from. Avoiding those situations.
Exam rooms.... |
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What is anxiety?
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1. Psychophysiological response to anticipation of unreal or imagined danger
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What are the psychologic aspects of anxiety?
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Feeling of impending danger
powerlessness apprehension tension |
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What are the physiologic aspects of anxiety?
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increased heart rate
altered respiratory rate sweating trembling weakness fatigue |
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What is generalized anxiety disorder?
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Excessive anxiety and worry
Difficult to control worry |
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What are the characteristics of obsession?
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-recurrent and persistent
-thought, impulse, or image -feels intrusive and inappropriate -causes marked distress |
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What are the characteristics of compulsion?
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-repetitive
- behaviors: handwashing, ordering, checking - Mental acts: counting, repeating words -Geared at reducing or preventing some dreaded event or situation |
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What causes Posttraumatic stress disorder?
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experiencing or witnessing event that involved actual or threatened serious injury or death.
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What is the response in PTSD?
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Intense fear, helplessness, or horror
Recurrence of the event in dreams, images, sounds |
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What do patients with PTSD avoid?
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Activities that trigger the remembrance
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What is a persistent symptom of PTSD?
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Increased arousal
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What is the most important symptom of increased arousal?
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hypervigilance
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How can you Tx anxiety?
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1. Psychotherapy
2. Phobias - desensitization Tx 3. Meds - Acute attacks - Prevention of attacks |
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What are the 7 categories of anxiety meds?
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1. barbiturates
2. benzodiazepines 3. beta blockers 4. buspirone 5. TCAs 6. SSRIs 7. Hydroxyzine |
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Which meds Tx acute attacks?
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1. Benzodiazepines
2. beta blockers 3. hydroxyzine |
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Which meds prevent attacks?
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1. benzodiazepines
2. beta blockers 3. buspirone 4. TCAs 5. SSRIs |
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What the name of a specific barbiturate?
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butabital
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What is bad about barbiturates?
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-addiction
-sedation -hangover effect -tolerance -withdrawal -toxic dose leads to coma/death due to respiratory depression |
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What is the mechanism of benzodiazepines?
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Bind to the GABA receptor complex increasing GABA release and increasing GABA receptor activation.
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What is the effect on the brain by benzodiazepines?
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Brain/Behavioral inhibition: relaxation, calming, slowing down
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What makes the addiction and overdose risk higher?
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use with alcohol
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What are 5 benzodiazepines?
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1. Diazepam
2. Chlordiazepoxide 3. Lorazepam 4. Alpazolam 5. Clonazepam |
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Which benzodiazepine is the drug of choice for panic attacks?
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Alprazolam
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Which benzodiazepine is used in alcohol detox?
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Chlordiazepoxide
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Which benzodiazepine is used more for elderly patients?
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Lorazepam
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Which benzodiazepine is used for prevention?
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Clonazepam
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What is the mechanism of beta blocker?
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Blocks beta adrenergic receptors and acts on the locus coeruleus and peripherally.
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What is the effect of beta blockers?
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Decreases tremor, tachycardia, and sweating.
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What are beta blockers often used for?
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Social anxiety disorder or performance anxiety.
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What are 3 beta blockers?
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1. Atenolol
2. Propanolol 3. Metoprolol |
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What is the mechanism of buspirone?
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Serotonin and dopamine D2 receptor effects.
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What is the onset of action for buspirone?
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slow onset
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What makes buspirone an attractive choice?
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non addictive
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What are 4 addictive chemical classes and what brain chemicals do they affect?
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1. Depressants - GABA
2. Stimulants - NE and dopamine 3. Narcotics - endorphin/enkephalin 4. Marijuana - endocannabinoid |
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Is alcohol abuse more common in men or women?
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men
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What is the percentage of non-alcohol drug abuse prevalence?
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6%
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What percentage of patients come into their primary care physician with "at risk" alcohol and drug behavior?
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15%
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What ethnicity is most at risk for death from alcohol related disorders?
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Native Americans
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What age group has the highest rate of alcohol related disorders?
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Young adults: 18-45
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Who tends to develop substance abuse problems later in life?
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women
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Who have a higher rate of remission?
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women
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Who has the lowest lifetime prevalence of alcohol and drug disorders?
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hispanic women
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What are the 3 characteristics of biopsychosocial disease?
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1. Biology - genetic predisposition
2. Psychology - behavior, cognition 3. Social - env't, culture |
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What type of kinetics is alcohol metabolism?
What does this mean for alcohol levels as you drink? |
Zero-order
It means that the levels keep going up and up as you drink more and more because the rate of metabolism is fixed. |
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Why is alcohol metabolism zero order kinetics?
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Because alcohol dehydrogenase is saturated at low alcohol levels
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What are the 3 reasons that women can't tolerate alcohol as well as men?
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1. less active gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity
2. Less body water 3. Higher blood alcohol levels |
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At what blood alcohol level do you get impaired judgement, incoordination, loss of inhibitions, and slurred speech?
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Less than 50mg% (0.05)
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At what blood alcohol level do you get neurologic impairment, prolonged reaction time, ataxia?
What is the legal limit for driving? |
50-100mg% (0.05-0.1)
80mg% or 0.08 |
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What is the increased likelihood of a son becoming an alcoholic if their father is an alcoholic?
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4x
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Is there a known risk of alcoholism when a child is raised by alcoholic adoptive parents?
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No
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What is lacking in people of asian descent?
How much higher is their BAC? |
50% of one isoenzyme of alcohol dehydrogenase
10x |
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What causes the flush reaction in people of asian descent when they drink?
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Increased levels of acetaldehyde
facial flushing tachycardia headaches nausea and vomiting |
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What are the psychological factors associated with substance abuse?
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Stress
Depression Anxiety Personality Disorders - Antisocial |
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What are social factors associated with substance abuse?
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Parents
Friends Availability Legal Advertisement |
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How can you Dx with lab tests?
What is wrong with lab abnormalities to Dx? |
-Liver function
-BAC - tolerance Lab abnormalities are a late finding |
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What are the 4 Cs of diagnosing substance abuse?
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Compulsivity
Control Causing Problems Continued use despite problems |
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What are the psychological tests for Dx of substance abuse?
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2 Question Test
CAGE DSM-IV Criteria |
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What is the 2 question test?
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1. Have you ever had problems with drinking?
2. When was you last drink? (within the last 24 hours?) |
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What is CAGE?
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1. Have you ever felt you ought to CUT down on drinking?
2. Have people ANNOYED you by criticizing your drinking? 3. Have you ever felt bad or GUILTY about your drinking? 4. Have you ever had a drink first thing in the morning (EYE opener) to steady your nerves ar get rid of a hang over? |
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What are the DSM-IV Criteria for substance abuse?
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1. Tolerance
2. Withdrawal 3. Larger amounts that intended 4. Desire.efforts to cut down or control use 5. Great deal of time spent in use/recovering from use 6. Activities given up/reduced due to use 7. Continued use despite knowledge of problems |
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What are the stages of change?
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Precontemplation --> Contemplation --> Preparation --> Action --> Maintenance --> Relapse
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How can you Tx substance abuse?
|
1. Biologic
- Medical complications (anemia) - Withdrawal - Medications (aversion therapy) 2. Psychologic - Tx comorbidity (anxiety, depression) -Therapy -AA 3. Sociologic |
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What is disulfiram?
|
A drug that inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase and increases acetaldehyde levels.
Aversion therapy |
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How long does disulfiram last in the body?
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2 weeks
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What visual side effect can be caused by disulfiram?
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optic neuritis
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What is the reward pathway and what substances affect it?
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It is dopaminergic neurons of nucleus accumbens (mesolimbic system)
Addictive substances |
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What does the release of dopamine cause?
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-Reinforcing effects of all drugs of abuse
- Glutamate (NMDA is glutamate-like) release and receptor activation - Behavioral excitation |
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What is naltrexone?
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Opioid-receptor blocker
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What is the effect of naltrexone?
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-Decreases cravings
-Decreases reinfording effect -Decreases drinking days, number of drinks per occasion, and relapse rate |
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What is acamprosate?
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GABA analog produces inhibitory effect
Affects GABA and NMDA (a glutamate-like excitatory amino acid) |
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What is the effect of Acamprosate?
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Decreases cravings
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What are the 3 eating disorders discussed in class?
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1. Anorexia
2. Bulimia 3. Obesity |
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What is the mean onset of anorexia/bulimia?
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17 years old
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What are the characteristics of anorexia?
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-refusal to maintain minimally normal body weight
-intense fear of gaining weight -significant disturbance in perception of shape or size of body -postemenarcheal females are often amenorrheic |
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What are the causes of anorexia?
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-genetic predisposition
-onset usually AW stressful life event -increased risk of mood disorders and chemical dependency |
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What are some physical problems that could happen as a result of anorexia?
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-anemia
-dehydration and electrolyte imbalance -amenorrhea/irregular menses |
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What are the most common causes of death for an anorexic?
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Cardiac arrest
Electrolyte imbalance Suicide |
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What are the 3 types of anorexia?
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1. Dieting
2. Fasting 3. Excessive exercise |
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What is the primary goal of anorexia treatment?
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Stabilization of nutritional/medical status
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What are the characteristics of bulimia?
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Binge eating
Inappropriate compensatory methods to prevent weight gain Excessive emphasis on body shape and weight in self evaluation |
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What is the binge part of binge and purge?
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Eating a larger than normal amount of food in a discrete period of time.
Sense of lack of control over eating during the episode |
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What is the purge part of binge and purge?
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Self induced vomiting, laxative, diuretics, enemas
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What are the 2 types of bulimia?
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1. Purging - purging to compensate for episodes of binging
2. Restricting - fasting or excessive exercise to compensate for binging. |
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Which disorder will cause weight loss, anorexia or bulimia?
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anorexia
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What are the Tx options for bulimia?
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-Medical stabilization
-Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy -Medications |
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What is the only drug approved for bulimia Tx?
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Fluoxetine - prozac
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What percentage of US adults are completely sedentary?
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25%
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What percentage of US adults are not regularly active?
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More than 60%
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What is a normal BMI?
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20-25
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What BMI indicates that a person is overweight?
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25-30
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What BMI indicates that a person is obese?
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more than 30
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What BMI indicates that a person is morbidly obese?
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more than 40
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What percentage of adults are overweight?
Obese? |
50%
30% |
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How much has number of children and adolescents who are overweight increased in the past 25 years?
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Doubled
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What are the causes of obesity?
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Biology - genetic predisposition
Psychological Social/Cultural -availability of energy dense food -advertisement |
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How do you treat obesity?
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Psychotherapy
Exercise Diet Medication |
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What are some examples of obesity meds?
When should you avoid? |
-Amphetamine like to suppress appetite and increase metabolism
-Phentermine - stimulant derivative -Diethylpropion - stimulant derivative Avoid with gaucoma due to mydriasis |
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What are some OTC meds for obesity?
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Ephedrine
Pseudoephedrine Caffeine |
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What is Sibutramine?
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A drug for obesity that inhibits reuptake of serotonin, NE, and dopamine.
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What are the effects of sibutramine?
Addiction risk? |
Affects appetite control center in hypothalamus (suppresses appetite)
Increases metabolic rate No addiction risk |
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When should you avoid?
|
With glaucoma
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What is Orlistat?
|
And OTC drug that is a lipase inhibitor that works in the GI tract to prevent fat absorption.
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What is good about it?
What is a bad side effect? |
Non-addictive and OTC
Diarrhea with high fat intake |
