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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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describe successful resolution and pathology of the oral stage.
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resolution confers the capacity to give and receive and rely on others with a sense of trust. Pathology is extreme dependance on others for self esteem
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the freudian anal stage overlaps with what erikson stage?
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initiative versus guilt
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pathology of the anal stage?
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anal retentive or anal expressive
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what is the resolution of the phallic stage?
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includes identity and curiosity as a sexual person with confidence and without embarrassment
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an excess of inner control during which of freud's stages can lead to premature closing of personality development with predominant obsessive character traits
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failure to resolve adolescent issues in the genital phase results in what according to Erikson?
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identity diffusion
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what is the first stage of piagets developmental theory and what is the final aspect that leads to progression?
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sensorimotor, realization of object permanence
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what three ways of thinking are characteristic of the preoperational stage of piaget?
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phenomenalistic causality (2 things happen back to back, so one must cause the other), animistic thinking (give physical events and objects a life), and semiotic function (ability to represent an event or object as a conceptual schema)
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what are important characteristics of the concrete operations stage?
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limited logic, concept of reversibility, concept of conservation
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seperation anxiety is characteristic of what developmental stage?
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sensorimotor
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what are the ages and gists of the trust vs. mistrust stage?
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birth to 1 year. Trust that they have needs that someone (mom) will take care of. Conflict is learning that they must not bite or nipple will leave…
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what are the ages for autonomy vs. shame and doubt?
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1 to 3 years
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what are the ages for initiative vs. guilt and what stage of freud's theory does it link too?
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3 to 5 years, phallic stage
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what is the age for industry vs inferiority and what freudian stage does it correspond with?
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6-11, latency
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what are the ages for and gist of the identity vs. role diffusion stage?
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11-end of adolescence, struggle to develop ego identitywhat is the
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what is the age for intimacy vs isolation?
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21 to 40
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what are the ages and gists of the generativity vs stagnation phase?
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45 to 60, teach something to leave on to the next generation
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what is the age for integrity vs. despair?
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65+
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this is the process by which a stimulus that previously did not elicit a response comes to illicit a response in a reflex like fashion after it has been paired for one or more trials with a stimulus that already elicits that response.
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classical conditioning (Pavlov)
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the basic principle behind operant conditioning is what?
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consequences of a response increase or decrease the likelihood that the response will occur again (organism is active whereas in classical conditioning it was passive)
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a test is reliable if the test results are what?
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reproducable with simillar situations
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a test is valid if it what?
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measures what it is really supposed to measure
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what are the tests that may be done in a structured clinical interview?
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structured clinical interview for DSM-IV, rorschach, mini international neuropsychiatric inventory, miller forensic assessment of symptoms test, structured interview of reported symptoms
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what is a very reliable and valid test for depression?
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hamilton depression rating scale
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what is the name of a common self report test that measures the patient's current emotional state and enduring personality characteristics?
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minnesota multiphasic personality inventory - 2 (MMPI)
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how is the personalit assessment inventory different than the MMPI?
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shorter, easier reading level, no item overlap in terms of scales (one answer indicates one meaning not many), designed on DSM criteria
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Describe the MCMI-II test.
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T/F, seperates axis I from axis II, need to watch validity
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this test has a list of 21 items and 4 answers for each ranging from I'm so happy I can't stand it to I'm so sad I could not be happy.
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Beck Depression Inventory - 2
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weschsler scales are what kind of evaluations and test what specefic aspects?
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neuropsychological evaluation, tests memory and intelligence
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what are the mental status exam components
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appearance, attitude, behavior, speech, mood, affect, thought processes, thought content, (the following are the cognitive aspects of the mental status exam) orientation, memory, concentration, executive functioning, abstraction, fund of knowledge, judgement and insight, impulsivity/reliability
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this type of affect is characterized by a significant reduction in the intensity of emotional expression.
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blunted
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this type of affect is characterized by an absence or near absence of any signs of affective expression
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flat
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this type of affect is characterized by a mild reduction in the range and intensity of emotional expression as in restraining tears
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restricted or constricted
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this type of affect is characterized by an abnormal variability in affect with repeated, rapid, and abrupt shifts in affective expression.
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labile
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a blocking thought process usually indicates what?
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interuption bu internal stimuli like a hallucination
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what is a confabulation?
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unconsciously filling memory gaps by imagined, untrue experiences that are believed by the patient yet there is no basis in fact
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this is characterized by an inability to carry out specefic tasks like ADL's due to cognitive disturbances
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apraxia
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what are some agnosias?
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anososnosia (don't know they are ill), somatopagnosia (do not know a body part is there, like neglect in stroke), and prosopagnosia (faces)
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loss of ADL's due to cognition is due to damage in what area of brain?
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frontal lobe
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differentiate between delirium and dementia.
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delirium consists of visual and tactile hallucinations, poor attention/concentration, changing sensorium (consciousness), and disorientation to time and place while dementia is characterized by progressive global memory loss, agnosia, apraxia, and visual/spatial defects
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what is pseudodementia?
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patient is depressed so cognition changes, fix the depression and the cognition will be fixed.
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what are four signs of psychosis?
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usually oriented and cognitively intact, bizarre delusions and auditory hallucinations, disorder of thought process, concrete interpretations of proverbs/simillarities/differences
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describe the 5 axes of DSM
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1 is clinical disorders, 2 is personality DO and MR, 3 is general medical conditions, 4 ispsychosocial and environmental factors, and 5 is global assesment of functioning
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define psychosomatic medicine.
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studies the interplay of psycological and social phenomena with physiologic functions (normal or pathological) in the development, course, and outcome of all diseases; it advocates the biopsychosocial approach to patient care
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what are the problems patients present with that merits psychiatric consultation?
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psychiatric presentations of medical conditions, pschiatric complications of medical conditions or treatments, psychiatric reactions to medical conditions, medical complications of psychiatric conditions or treatments, co morbid medical and psychiatric conditions
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death by MI from CV disease is more common when patients are…
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depressed
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what physiological aspects of a depressed person contribute to CV dz deaths?
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increased sympathetic tone, decreased parasympathetic tone, and often have premature ventricular depolarizations
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treatment with what type of anti depressant can have CV effects?
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tricyclics (orthostatic hypotension) and SSRI's (inhibit metabolism of certain beta blockers and class IA antiarryhythmic agents)
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what are some coping responses to being sick?
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minimization and denial, avoidance, hyperattention and somatic preoccupation, refusal to accept limits, capitulation or surrender, seeking other sources of knoweledge, and alternative health care
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what are the defense mechanisms for sick that are detrimental? Healthy?
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denial, regression, self-blame. Humor, altruism, delay self gratification
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what are reactions to illness by the various personality types?
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dependent - need to be cared for. Passive aggressive - asks for help and does not follow advices. Compulsive - becomes too controlling for fear of loss of control. Histrionic - dramatic, etc. Narcissistic - perfect self image is threatened. Paranoid - blames it on the doctor. schizoid - more withdrawn and anxious.
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what psychiatric problems are common in renal dialysis patients?
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depression and suicide, sexual problems.
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what psychiatric problems are common in surgery patients?
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unrealistic expectations, depression, denial… improved out come with knowing what to expect
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psychiatric problems in ppl with aids?
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anxiety, hopelessness, and fear of abandonment
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what are the illnesses associated with psychosomatic factors?
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asthma, cancer, CAD, DM, hypertension, migraines, pruritis and tension headache
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what are the four ways that personality manifests (note 2 or more must be abnormal for a personality disorder)?
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cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, and impulse control
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what are the three cluster A personality disorders and what characterizes them?
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they all appear odd or eccentric. Paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal
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differentiate between schizoid and schizotypal.
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schizoids keep to themselves but if you approach them gently they will respond while schizotypals are almost schizophrenic…
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what are the cluster B personality disorders and what characterizes them?
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appears dramatic, emotional or erratic. Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissitic
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what are the cluster C pesonality disorders and what traits unify them?
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avoidant, dependent, obsessive compulsive, and unknown personality disorders. These ppl are anxious and fearful
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characterize the workaholic.
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perceives with thought first, is logical, responsible, and organized. 75% are male. Horizontal lines on forehead
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describe the persister.
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judges first, evaluates with opinions. Dedicated, observant, conscientious. Mainly male, 10% of US. Furrows between eyes and piercing eyes
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describe the reactor.
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feels first, is compassionate, sensitive, and warm. Most are women, half moon over eyes, nails, make up and hair styles are very important
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describe the dreamer.
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reflective, imaginative, calm. Mainly female, smooth face few lines even with age
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describe the rebel.
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reacts to ppl and things with likes and dislikes, spontaneous, creative, and playful, mainly female, smile lines around eyes and mouth, twinkles in the eyes
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describe the promoter
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action oriented, adaptable, persuasive, charming, mainly male, ruddy complexion, only 5% of US, most are in prison
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distinguish between bipolar type I, type II, and cyclothymia.
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type I is mania or mixed mania and major depressive episodes, type II is hypomania and major depressive episodes, cyclothymia is hypomania and depressive symptoms
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what mood disorder may have 2/3 of pts with hallucinations?
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bipolar type I
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what are pharmacological treatments for bipolar disorder?
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lithium, divalproex sodium, carbamazepine, atypical antipsychotic medications, ECT or vagal nerve stimulators, adjunctive medications, novel drugs
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in child/adolescent bipolar disorders, what may preced manic episodes?
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ADHD
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these bipolar patients have a very poor prognosis, have manic episodes multiple times a year, and may need three mood stabalizers
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rapid cyclers
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what is bereavement?
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loss of something in life that causes depression symptoms, and may become depression if lasts over 2 months are symptoms are severe
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what illnesses have an increased rate of association with major depression?
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stroke, parkinson's, AIDS or HIV infection
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what axis and clinical signs are for MR?
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axis II, IQ below 70 and impaired adaptive function
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what are the three learning disorders?
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reading, math, and written expression
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what are characteristics of autistic disorders?
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problems with social interaction, impairment in communication, repetitive and stereotypal behavior.
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describe asperger's disorder.
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little professors, cannot interact with their peers however, they are normal usually in language and cognition
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describe Rett's disorder.
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only in girls, normal early development, @ 5-6 mo's head circumference growth diminishes, stereotypical hand movements, no cognitive development past the first year
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describe childhood disintegrative disorder.
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normal development first two years, then loss of previously acquired skills.
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what is encopresis and enuresis?
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encopresis is inappropriate defecation and enuresis is inappropriate urination, usually see a ped, not a shrink
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what age do you need to see ADHD symptoms for a diagnosis?
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7
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what percentage of school aged children have ADHD? Boys vs girls?
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3-5%, boys more than girls (3:1), may be under-diagnosed in girls
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ADHD is usually co morbid with what other disorders?
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depression, tics and tourettes, conduct disorder, substance abuse, and learning disability
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what are the outcomes for adults who had ADHD as children?
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most have continued problems, more wrecks, sex, drugs, and diseases.
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what can lead to sociopathology in children?
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conduct disorder
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what are treatments for ADHD?
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stimulants, antidepressants, and some alpha adrenergic stimulators
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