Psychiatric Nursing -Concepts And Communication- Slides

Front 1

Feedback

Back 1

•Feedback is useful when it
–is descriptive rather than evaluative and focused on the behaviorrather than on the client
–is specificrather than general
–is directed toward behavior that the client has the capacity to change.
–offers informationrather than advice
–is well-timed

Front 2

Non-TherapeuticCommunication Techniques

Back 2

Giving reassurance
Rejecting
Approving or disapproving
Agreeing or disagreeing
Giving advice
Probing
Defending
Requesting an explanation
Indicating the existence of an external source of power
Belittling feelings expressed
Making stereotyped comments, clichés, and trite expressions
Using denial
Interpreting
Introducing an unrelated topic

Front 3

The Neocortex
•Conscious experience
Abstraction
•Language

Back 3

-of senses, motor control
-growth after birth is largly based on experience

Front 4

Somatosensory Cortex

Back 4

-gut feelings
-creates a sense of how the world works
-linked to earlis relationships and environments

Front 5

Orbitofrontal Cortex (OFC)

Back 5

-assosiate motor and sensory
-linked to connectivity
-sense of abtle changes

Front 6

The Amygdala

Back 6

-attention, learning, emotion
-DANGER
-parts are primitive
-connects with ANS (fight or flight)
-mature by 8 months gestation
-when excited has an inhibitory affect on OFC
-hard to think claearly
-learns from experience

Front 7

The ACC: Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Back 7

- in animals; sense of smell
-in humans sense of smell was traded for social accuity

Front 8

The Path to Comprehension

Back 8

•Senses bring in raw information
•Brain receives
•Brain interprets:
–Reads, resonates with and responds to any emotional content
–Applies “rule-of-thumb” templates
–Draws on theoretical framework
–Draws on memory
Brain “understands” what was received

Front 9

Two Roads
•Low Road

Back 9

–FAST. Sensory cortices, thalamus and amygdala –to response.
–Emotional wildfire
- direct path betwwen the sensory organ and amygdala
-more fast than accurate

Front 10

High Road

Back 10

–SLOW. Thalamus up to neocortex, then down to the amygdala.
–Considered, thoughtful response.
-from the sensory organs to the thalamus to the neocortex

Front 11

Cell body & Nucleus

Back 11

Main part of neuron
Contains all necessary components of the cell
nucleus
endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes
mitochondria
If the cell body dies, the neuron dies

Front 12

Axon

Back 12

The long, thread-like part of the nerve cell that extends from the cell body
Carries the electrochemical message
Covered with thin layer of myelin

Front 13

Myelin Sheath

Back 13

Made of fat, covers axon in thin layer like an insulated electrical wire.
Helps speed transmission of impulses

Front 14

Synapse

Back 14

Electrical signals (action potential) are converted to chemical signals (neurotransmitters) at thesynapse

Front 15

Neurotransmitter
.

Back 15

Chemical messenger that enablesneuronsto pass signals to each other
Serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine
Fits together with the receptor like a lock and key
Neurotransmitters play an important role in the development of brain disorders and in their treatment

Front 16

Neurotransmission -Basics

Back 16

Action potential causes release of neurotransmitter.
NT moves out of first neuron, across the synapse, to the next neuron.
Excitatory vs. inhibitory stimulus
At the postsynaptic neuron, the NT (chemical signal) becomes an AP (electrical signal).

Front 17

Dopamine (DA)

Back 17

Parkinson’s, depression; schizophrenia, mania
Movement, coordination, emotions
Inhibits release of prolactin

Front 18

Norepinephrine (NE)

Back 18

depression; anxiety, mania, schizophrenia
ANS “fight or flight”, mood, cognition

Front 19

Serotonin (5HT)

Back 19

depression; anxiety
Sleep, appetite, mood, libido, coordination, activity level

Front 20

Amino acids

Back 20

Glycine and glutamic acid (related to GABA)
GABA (Gamma aminobutyric Acid)
Slows body activity
anxiety, epilepsy, schizophrenia

Front 21

Acetylcholine (“cholinergic”)

Back 21

In all muscles; in synapses throughout brain
Memory, pain, movement, sleep
depression; Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease

Front 22

Excitatory stimulation will

Back 22

cause AP to continue to the next cell.
Glutamate

Front 23

Inhibitory stimulation

Back 23

decreases likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire its own AP
GABA, glycine

Front 24

InhibitoryWhen NT binds to receptor….

Back 24

Influx of ions or other small molecules into the cell
Ion channels: open when NT bound, and close when NT leaves
--OR--
Activation of another signaling system “second messenger” (e.g. cyclic AMP)
Slower than 1stmessenger (NT)

Front 25

Neuropeptides

Back 25

Small chains of amino acids (smaller than proteins)
AKA “hormones”
Insulin, vasopressin, ACTH, TSH, calcitonin
Affect how emotions and sensations are perceived
Endorphins act to moderate pain and emotion in CNS
Prolactin affects maternal behavior
Cholecystokinin is related to feeling “full” after meals

Front 26

Parenting

Back 26

•Attunement
•Empathy
•Time

Front 27

Mirror Neurons

Back 27

- same sets of neurons are activated when an action is being done or observed

Front 28

Spindle Cells

Back 28

-cells that are built for speed

Front 29

Neuroplasticity

Back 29

-changes in structure of the brain throughout life

Front 30

Bonsai Brain Theory

Back 30

-brain develops towardsmpatterns that are already there

Front 31

For New Neurons to Thrive…

Back 31

-exercise
-mindful practise
-joy
-novelty
-psychopharms
-psychotherepy