Psych352-Slideshow3.4.5

Front 1

Stairway to Heaven
“Oh… here’s to my sweet Satan. The one
whose little path would make me sad,
whose power is Satan. He’ll give those
with him 666, there was a little tool shed
where he made us suffer, sad Satan

Back 1

Backmasking---This is what you hear when you play the song backwards. It is easier to hear when you read the words and listen. Even easier to hear the more times you listen to it.

Front 2

Vision

Back 2

• Vision is a constructive representation of
reality.
– We are not seeing the world as it is.
– We are seeing the world as our brain was
designed to see it.
• We don’t see things that are there
• We often see things that aren’t there

Front 3

Café Wall Illusion

Back 3

In this Illusion

Front 4

Blivet

Back 4

Impossible figure: like the elphant illusion. an impossible image through visual tricks your eye can never find how many legs the elphant has. Like the stair case picture with stairs going up and down.

Front 5

Ames Box

Back 5

Another visual illusion. You think one person small and one a giat only becuase of the visual angle you are looking at. The room is altered sloped floor..ect.

Front 6

The Picture of the Flag that is green and yellow.

Back 6

If you stare very hard at the green and yellow flag then you turn it off then on it will look blue and red and white. This is because the color receptors of the green and yellow become accustomed and the opposite receptors (red and blue) are activated with the change in light.

Front 7

Visual Perception
How do we construct our representations of the
external world?

Back 7

1) Detect physical energy from the environment
22
2) Convert such stimuli into neural signals
3) Select, organize, and interpret our sensations.

Front 8

Transduction

Back 8

Transformation of stimulus energy into neural
impulses.
Conversion of light energy into neural impulses
23
that brain can understand.

Front 9

Wavelength (Hue)

Back 9

Hue: dimension of color 24 determined by wavelength of
light
Short Wavelength=high freq. (Bluish colors, high pitched sounds.)
Long Wavelenght= low freq (reddish color, low pitched sounds)

Front 10

Parts of the eye:
1. Cornea:
2. Iris
3. Lens
4. Retina

Back 10

1. Cornea:Transparent tissue where light enters
the eye.
2. Iris: Muscle that expands and contracts to
change the size of opening (pupil) for light.
3. Lens: Focuses the light rays on the retina.
4. Retina: Contains sensory receptors that process
visual information and send it to the brain

Front 11

Lens
Accommodation:

Back 11

Lens: Transparent
structure behind pupil
that changes shape to
focus images on the
retina.
29
Accommodation: The
process by which the
eye’s lens changes shape
to help focus near or far
objects on the retina.

Front 12

Nearsightedness
Farsightedness:

Back 12

Nearsightedness: A
condition in which
nearby objects are seen
more clearly than
distant objects.
30
Farsightedness: A
condition in which
faraway objects are
seen more clearly than
near objects.

Front 13

Bipolar & Ganglion Cells

Back 13

Bipolar cells receive messages from
photoreceptors and transmit them to ganglion
cells, which form the optic nerve.

Front 14

Photoreceptors
Rods

Back 14

located mainly in periphery
• responsible for night vision
• detail not detected
• see black, white, and gray
• several rods share 1 bipolar and 1 ganglion cell
• rod vision lacks detail, but, by
combining their efforts, groups of rods allow us to see in low light

Front 15

Photoreceptors
Cones

Back 15

• located mainly in fovea
• work best in bright light
• enable us to see fine detail
• responsible for color vision
• each cone has its own bipolar and ganglion cell
• this allows us to see detail but
bright light is needed

Front 16

The Retina and its Parts
• Optic Nerve:
• Blind Spot:
• Fovea:

Back 16

• Optic Nerve: bundle of axons running from retina to visual
(occipital) cortex
• Blind Spot: spot on the retina where optic nerve exits eye, there are no receptors (rods or cones) there
• Fovea: center of the retina where “acuity” (ability to see fine
detail) is greate

Front 17

Dark Adaptation

Back 17

Rods are not sensitive to red light. Thus, once
dark adapted, red light will not interfere with this adaptation. Cones can see red though.

Front 18

Visual Information Processing

Back 18

includes the EYE. OPTIC NERVE. LGN. VISUAL CORTEX

Front 19

• Ventral

Back 19

– What?
– Lower part of Occipital
and Temporal
– Selectively responds in order to identify objects

Front 20

• Dorsal Pathway

Back 20

– Where?
– Upper part of Occipital
and Parietal
– Locates objects and guides action
accordingly

Front 21

Visual Information Processing

Back 21

Processing of several aspects of the stimulus
simultaneously is called parallel processing. The
brain divides a visual scene into subdivisions such
as color, depth, form and movement etc.

Front 22

Perception in Brain

Back 22

Our perceptions are a combination of sensory
(bottom-up) and cognitive (top-down) processes
(this slide also had pic of Nectar Cube, and assumed triangle image with the 3circles with triangle cut)

Front 23

Bottom-up Processing

Back 23

Analysis of the stimulus begins with the sense
receptors and works up to the level of the brain
and mind

Front 24

Top-Down Processing
Information processing guided by higher-level

Back 24

Information processing guided by higher-level
mental processes, as we construct perceptions
drawing on our experience and expectations.
22
THE CHT

Front 25

Expectations…

Back 25

A 13 C
or
12 13 14
in the first the 13 can be see as a B because of context

Front 26

Effects of Motivation

Back 26

Seeing the ink blot as a hot dog if it is shown when someone is hungry or before lunch

Front 27

Figure and Ground

Back 27

Figure


Ground

Front 28

Proximity

Back 28

Things that are close in Proximity are grouped together

Front 29

Similarity

Back 29

Things that are visually similar are grouped together

Front 30

Closure

Back 30

• Closure occurs when an
object is incomplete or
a space is not
completely enclosed. If
enough of the shape is
34
indicated, people
perceive the whole by
filling in the missing
information.

Front 31

Good continuation

Back 31

Continuation occurs when the eye is compelled to move
through one object and continue to another object.

Front 32

Common movement

Back 32

• When stimulus elements move in the same direction and at the same
rate, we tend to see them as part of a single object. This helps us
distinguish a moving object from the background.

Front 33

Good form

Back 33

• The perceptual system strives to produce percepts that are elegant,
simple, uncluttered, symmetrical, regular, and predictable. The
perceptual system organizes stimuli into their simplest arrangement.

Front 34

Perceptual Constancy

Back 34

Color of an object remains the same under
different illuminations. However, when context
changes color of an object may look different

Front 35

Size Constancy

Back 35

• The ability to see an object as unchanged in
size despite change in the image size as it
moves further away or closer.

Front 36

Depth Perception

Back 36

*Creating a 3D representation from a 2D
picture.
-Monocular Cues
-Binocular Cues

Front 37

Binocular Cues
• Eye Convergence (muscular)

Back 37

• Eye Convergence (muscular)
– The inward turning of the eyes that occurs when you look
at an object that is close to you. The closer the object is
the more the two eyes must converge in order to look at it.

Front 38

Binocular Cues
• Binocular Disparity

Back 38

• Binocular Disparity
43
– Refers to the slightly different view that the two eyes have
of the same object. Because the eyes are a few centimeter
apart, they view any given object from slightly different
angles.
– Stereopsis: The ability to see depth from retinal disparity.

Front 39

Autostereogram

Back 39

Magic Eye have to cross eyes to see it-converge

Front 40

Monocular Cues for Depth

Back 40

• Motion Parallax
– The changed view one has of a scene or object
when one moves sideways to the scene or object.
(e.g., driving in car)

Front 41

Pictorial Cues for Depth

Back 41

• Occlusion
• Relative Size
• Linear
Perspectives
47
• Texture Gradient
• Position Relative
to the Horizon

Front 42

The Ponzo Illusion

Back 42

Muller-Lyer Illusion
The Moon Illusion
The Thatcher Illusion

Front 43

Capgras Delusion

Back 43

he Capgras delusion is classed as a delusional misidentification syndrome, a class of delusional beliefs that involves the misidentification of people, places or objects.
Caused By PROSOPAGNOSIA in which people cannot recognize faces

Front 44

Prosopagnosia

Back 44

• Subtypes
– Apperceptive
– Associative

Front 45

Mental Imagery

Back 45

“Sensations, once experienced, modify the nervous
organism, so that copies of them arise again in the
mind after the original outward stimulus is gone.”
-William James (1890)

Front 46

History of imagery

Back 46

• The notion that thoughts rely on images was
common to many philosophers, including Plato
• Introspectionists, following Wundt, recorded
people’s experiences of mental imagery
• Galton (1883) reported that 3% of people claim to
have no visual mental images whatsoever, a finding
that appears to be replicable in today’s population

Front 47

Mental Imagery

Back 47

Mental imagery (varieties of which are sometimes colloquially refered to as “visualizing,” “seeing in the mind's eye,” “hearing in the head,” “imagining the feel of,” etc.) is quasi-perceptual experience; it resembles perceptual experience, but occurs in the absence of the appropriate external stimuli.

Front 48

Mental Imagery

Back 48

• We experience mental imagery in all
modalities.
• Research has focused on visual mental
imagery.
• Individual differences?

Front 49

VVIQ

Back 49

Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ)

Front 50

Things that correlate with VVIQ

Back 50

• Visual attention
• School performance
• Memory
• Fantasy proneness – Daydreaming
• Mental time travel
– Forward and Backward
• False Memories?
• Higher VVIQ = More Synaesthesia & Aura
vision

Front 51

Mental Imagery

Back 51

• There is a long-standing debate in philosophy,
cognitive neuroscience, and psychology
regarding the nature and format of mental
imagery.

Front 52

The Imagery Debate
• Pictorial:

Back 52

Mental imagery is
experienced through the depiction
of a stimulus in pictorial, or
depictive form.

Front 53

The Imagery Debate
• Propositional:

Back 53

Mental imagery is
experienced through descriptive
representations (such as those
that underlie language)

Front 54

Propositional Theory

Back 54

• Visual representations are not stored in the
form of images.
• Rather, they are formed in the form of
propositions or descriptions
• Imagery is epiphenomenal (or secondary) to
propositional processing.

Front 55

Propositional Theory

Back 55

Under (CAT, TABLE)
(Pic on slide of cat under table)
Imagery
Propositions<
Verbal

Front 56

Evidence for Propositional Theory

Back 56

• Picture of a rabbit staring at a wolf…
• Now create a visual image of the rabbit in
your mind.
• Is there anything peculiar about the image?
• Hint: The image is ambiguous.
• Subjects have difficulty perceiving the
alternate perspective from their imagery…

Front 57

Mental Imagery

Back 57

• There are conditions in which people will
reinterpret based solely on imagery..
• E.g., Showing Ss another ambiguous figure, or
instructing them to direct attention towards
certain parts of the image, or having them
draw the figure.

Front 58

Pictorial Theory of Imagery

Back 58

• Takes the view that mental imagery is
functionally equivalent to perception.
• In other words, the visual images we form are
created by the same cognitive and neural
processes involved in visual perception.

Front 59

Mental Rotation

Back 59

• The more rotation required to compare the
images, the longer the comparison will take.

Front 60

Image Scaling and Scanning

Back 60

• Study the images below, and memorize the
features of these objects
• Take a moment to recall and imagine the
boat.
• Does it have an anchor?
• Does it have a window?

Front 61

Image Scaling and Scanning

Back 61

– The time it takes to scan or manipulate a mental
image correlates strongly with the time it takes to
scan or manipulate a perceived object.
– Mentally scanning across longer distances takes
longer to perform than shorter distances.

Front 62

Imagery and the Brain

Back 62

• Individuals with deficits in perception also
tend to have deficits in imagery)
• The regions activated during visual perception
also tend to be activated during mental imagery
• Topographically organized areas of the visual
cortex are activated by mental imagery, particularly when the imagery task involves a high level of resolution and detail

Front 63

Paivio Dual-coding Theory

Back 63

• Visual and verbal information are processed
differently along distinct channels in the brain.
– Encoding items using both modalities is more
effective than encoding items using just one.
– Interference effects
– High vs. Low Imageability

Front 64

Visual Distraction and Imagery

Back 64

• If perception and imagery rely on the same
neural regions, visual distraction should impair
the generation or use of mental imagery.

Front 65

Visual Distraction and Imagery

Back 65

• Visual distraction has been shown to impair
performance on various cognitive tasks
• Can perceptual distraction interfere with nonvisual
cognitive processes?

Front 66

Imagery and the Brain

Back 66

• High imageable words are more impaired by
visual distraction than are low imageable
words.
• There is some evidence that distraction to the
RVF is worse than distraction to the LVF (the
LH is specialized for language).

Front 67

Examining the Limits of Attention
Inattentional Blindness
Change Blindess

Back 67

• Inattentional Blindness
– E.g., Gorilla in our midst
• Change Blindess
– We are surprisingly unable to notice large changes
in the visual environment.

Front 68

Attention

Back 68

Available Information:• Sensations
•Memories • Thoughts
Attention: • Controlled • Automatic
Behavior: • Actions

Front 69

Attention and Everyday Life

Back 69

• Suppose you’re going down the Eisenhower at 60 mph.
• Now suppose something on the side of the road captures your attention for 2 sec.
• 60 mph = 88 ft/sec
• In 2 sec, you’ve travelled 176 ft…
• …and you haven’t hit the brakes yet.
• Another 150 ft to stop
• 326 ft…that’s >1 football field.
So why don’t crashes occue more often?

Front 70

Attention and Vision

Back 70

• For the most part, the focus of vision is also the focus of attention
– But not always…

Front 71

Posner Experiment: Conclusions

Back 71

• Really can focus attention without moving your eyes
• Attention does something—can make it quicker to respond
• Spotlight model

Front 72

Priming

Back 72

• The influence of prior presentations on future recognition, judgments, decision making, etc.
– Can be positive or negative (e.g., palm)
– Can occur consciously or subconsciously

Front 73

Preconscious Processing
symbols in class

Back 73

Data
• Only 26 of 120 of you noticed at least one of the primes during the presentation. Data from those individuals are not included in the
analysis.

Front 74

Controlled versus Automatic
Automatic processes (Implicit)

Back 74

• Automatic processes (Implicit)
– Involve no conscious control
– Are performed without conscious awareness

Front 75

Controlled versus Automatic
• Controlled processes (Explicit)

Back 75

• Controlled processes (Explicit)
– Require conscious control
– Take more effort and time to execute

Front 76

Automatic Processes

Back 76

• (1) Concealed from consciousness
• (2) Unintentional
• (3) Consume few attentional resources
*Some automatic processes can be thought about or altered by conscious control, others cannot.

Front 77

Automatization

Back 77

• Definition: A process by which a procedure changes from being highly conscious to being relatively automatic.

Front 78

Automatization

Back 78

• If you tell an expert pianist, gymnast, or driver, to reflect on the complicated nature of a skill, performance deteriorates.

Front 79

The Stroop Effect

Back 79

• Automatic processes are sometimes difficult
to prevent…

Front 80

The Stroop Effect

Back 80

• Emotional Stroop Paradigm
– Shelf
– Clumsy
– Fuck
– Lamp
– Murder
– Cake
– Whore

Front 81

Action Slips

Back 81

• Unintended, often automatic, actions that are
inappropriate for the current situation.
– E.g., capture Errors, omissions, perseverations,
description errors, data-driven errors, associativeactivation
errors, loss-of-activation errors

Front 82

Capture Errors

Back 82

Unable to deviate from routine activity, especially when salient cues are available.

Front 83

Omissions & Perseverations

Back 83

Interruptions can cause us to skip (or repeat) a step or two while performing some sort of routine.

Front 84

Description Errors

Back 84

Performing the correct action on the wrong object

Front 85

Data-driven Errors

Back 85

Incoming sensory information may override an automatic action or sequence of actions

Front 86

Associative-Activation Errors

Back 86

Strong associations can trigger the wrong automatic routine

Front 87

Loss-of-Activation Errors

Back 87

Routine is insufficiently activated to be completed