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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Problem solving
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A process in which one begins with a goal and seeks steps that will lead to that goal.
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What are the steps in problem solving?
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1. Initial state
2. Goal state 3. Operators 4. Path constraints |
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Initial state
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The knowledge and resources you have at the outset.
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Goal state
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The state you are working towards.
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Operators
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Available tools or actions
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Path constraints
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Limits that rule out some operations.
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Problem space
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The set of all states that can be reached in solving a problem, by means of operators, from the initial state towards the goal state.
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Problem-solving protocol
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A record of how someone seeks to solve a problem; the record is created by simply asking the person to think aloud while working on the problem.
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Hill-climbing strategy
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The heuristic to choose an option that moves you in the direction of the goal. Whenever you have the choice you will choose the option that carries you closer to the goal.
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Means-end analysis
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A strategy used in problem-solving in which the person is guided step by step by a comparison of the difference, at that moment, between the current state and the goal state, and a consideration of the operators available.
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What does this result in?
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Breaking the problem into smaller subproblems.
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Working-backward
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The person begins with the goal state and tries to figure out what transformations or operations would make this state more similar to the problem's starting .point.
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What are some general problem solving methods?
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1. Putting an idea down on paper can help make a discovery that requires a change in the reference.
2. We can make an analogy with another problem we have previously solved. |
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What do many participants fail to do?
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Map aspects of one problem to the other and thus only benefit when the experimenter points out the similarity.
This underscores the importance of getting beyond superficial features of problem and to think about the underlying logic. |
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Why is the deep structure important?
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Comprehending the deep structure allows the expert to focus more on broad strategies without getting bogged down in the details.
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Well-defined problem
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The goal state as well as the available operators are clearly specified.
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Ill-defined problem
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The goal state and the available operators are not clearly specified.
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Functional fixedness
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This refers to a tendency to be rigid in thinking about an object's function.
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Problem-solving set
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The collection of beliefs and assumption a person makes about a problem.
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Eistellung
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This refers to a problem-solvers perspective, including beliefs, habits and strategies.
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What are potential prerequisites for creativity?
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- Knowledge and skill in the domain.
- Certain intellectual capacities and personality traits. - Motivated by the pleasure of the work. - A conducive social, cultural and historical context. |
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What were Wallas' four stages?
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1. Preparation
2. Incubation 3. Illumination 4. Verification |
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Preparation
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Information about the problem is gathered.
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Incubation
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The problem is set aside but still worked on unconsciously.
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Illumination
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A key insight or new idea emerges
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Verification
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The details of applying the insight are worked out, and the problem is solved.
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What advantage do highly creative people have?
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Divergent thinking
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