Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the biomedical model? How does this model compare to the biopsychosocial model?
|
"Traditional biomedical model
|
|
|
•
|
The usual medical health care system
|
|
|
•
|
IF you get sick, THEN you go to the doctor
|
|
|
•
|
Find it & Fix it approach
|
|
|
•
|
Works very well for acute illnesses
|
|
|
•
|
Not so well for chronic illness
|
|
|
Biopsychosocial model
|
|
|
|
•
|
We need to consider: biological factors, psychological factors, and social factors—the mind and the body interact in a very complex manner!"
|
|
|
What are the three stages of prevention? Define each one.
|
"Primary Prevention: Prevent a problem before it develops
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What is animism? Which two people first moved the field of medicine away from animism?
|
"Animism
|
|
|
–
|
Spirits cause things to happen
|
|
|
–
|
Souls or spirits gave the idea that there was something that went beyond the physical body
|
|
|
–
|
Carefully studied & noted courses of illness
|
|
|
–
|
Prognosis: forecast of the course of disease
|
|
|
–
|
Prescribed noninvasive treatments
|
|
|
–
|
One of the greatest figures in ancient medicine
|
|
|
–
|
Dissected animals, treated gladiators, & through his work learned human anatomy
|
|
|
–
|
Diagnosis: identification of disease based on patient’s signs & symptoms
|
|
|
What is the humoral theory of bodily fluids? What are the four humors according to this theory?
|
"Humoral theory of bodily fluids (humors)
|
|
|
What is the study of behavioral medicine? How is the field different from health psychology?
|
"Behavioral Medicine works with specific diseases, Focuses on prevention, diagnosis, treatment, & rehab of specific disorders, following a biomedical model
|
|
|
The ______________ proposes that a person’s attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control form an intention, which in turn causes a behavior.
|
The theory of planned behavior
|
|
|
The Precaution Adoption Process Model is most similar to the _______________________ because it is a _____________model.
|
"Transtheoretical model of change
|
|
|
__________________ is the conviction that you can successfully execute an action. It is also the main premise of ________________________ theory.
|
"Self-Efficacy
|
|
|
Perceived ______________, and Perceived ______________,"
|
"Health Belief Model
|
|
|
–
|
Perceived susceptibility: risk of acquiring illness
|
|
|
–
|
Perceived severity: consequences of the illness
|
|
|
–
|
Perceived benefits: engaging in behavior will reduce threat
|
|
|
–
|
Perceived barriers: obstacles to engaging in a behavior
|
|
|
What is the difference between chronic and acute disease?
|
"Chronic disease has a long duration and a slow progression.
|
|
|
What are passive and active prevention?
|
"Passive prevention requires no continual effort, such as child-proof locks on cupboard doors.
|
|
|
What is an intervention study?
|
"An intervention is a scientific program designed to:
|
|
|
What are the goals of Healthy People 2010?
|
"1) Increase quality and years of life.
|
|
|
In 1948, how did the World Health Organization define health? Which model of health does it most closely resemble (biomedical or biopsychosocial)?
|
"Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
|
|
|
What is the difference between disease and illness?
|
"Disease has an organic cause with defined symptoms, and generally has a corresponding diagnosis.
|
|
|
What are illness behaviors? Some examples?
|
Illness behaviors are activities that indicate illness. They can vary by the individual, society, culture, etc. Societal norms dictate which behaviors are seen as illness behaviors. Examples in our society include lying down/resting, eating soup, taking medication, calling in sick to work, staying home, etc.
|
|
|
In lecture, which research method was characterized as “the best” for use in health psychology?
|
No one particular research method was characterized as the best for use in health psychology. Prudent researchers decide which methods to use based on the research question, resources, feasibility, ethical concerns, and so forth. Ultimately, we learn the most when multiple methods are used in conjunction
|
|
|
Define the term theory
|
A theory is an organized set of principles used to explain something we observe. For example, the theory of reason action.
|
|
|
What are the characteristics of a true experiment?
|
"1) Researchers can draw causal inferences.
|
|
|
According to the Precaution Adoption Process Model, why do some people fail to progress beyond early stages?
|
People may fail to progress beyond early stages of awareness in this model because they believe that the problem may exist for OTHERS, but do not believe they are vulnerable themselves. People may suffer from the Optimistic Bias.
|
|
|
In social models of health behavior change, what are norms? What is the difference between a perceived and actual norm?
|
"Perceived norms: beliefs about what “normal” behavior is and what is accepted by others
|
|
|
In the Ecological models, how does the neighborhood you live in affect your behavior?
|
"The design of neighborhoods can affect health related behavior in many ways. Important considerations:
|
|
|
–
|
Structural design
|
|
|
–
|
Perceived safety
|
|
|
–
|
Connections between people
|
|
|
–
|
How places are managed & maintained
|
|
|
–
|
Availability of healthy products
|
|
|
|
If you are able to walk to your local market, which stocks affordably priced healthy choices, you are more likely to be getting more exercise and interacting with your community. If the air is unfit to breath, and your local park is too dangerous to take your child to, you are less likely to be outside getting exercise or interacting with your community.
|
|
|
In Social models, how can family and relationships with others influence behavior change?
|
Social support can help or hinder behavior change. Parents, friends, and others can serve as models for behavior. Many of the habits we have now were behaviors we learned early on from our family environments. Our social groups can hold us accountable four our actions, as well as provide reinforcement and extrinsic motivation.
|
|
|
What is the key premise of the Stage models? How does this affect intervention?
|
"Key premise: People progress through stages towards or away from behaviors
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What types of factors influence weight?
|
"Genetic factors
|
|
|
In terms of changing your diet, what has been shown to work?
|
"Short-term goals
|
|
|
How do objective goals differ from subjective goals? Which types of goals should you set to help you change behavior?
|
"Objective goals: attaining a specific standard of proficiency on a task, usually in a specified time
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
What are the major barriers to goal achievement?
|
"Lack of time (perceived)
|
|
|
What are the 10 principles of goal setting?
|
"•
|
|
|
•
|
Set moderately difficult but realistic goals
|
|
|
•
|
Set multiple type of goals
|
|
|
•
|
Set long-term and short-term goals
|
|
|
•
|
Record goals
|
|
|
•
|
Develop goal achievement strategies
|
|
|
•
|
Reward achievements
|
|
|
•
|
Personalities & motivation matters
|
|
|
•
|
Social support helps
|
|
|
•
|
Periodically monitor progress
|
|
|
Hypothesis
|
"A hypothesis is a testable prediction about conditions under which an event will occur. For example, “People will be more inclined to eat chocolate after watching an emotion-inducing movie.”
|
|
|
What are the three main causes of Death in America
|
Heart Disease, Cancer and Stroke
|
|
|
Roots of health psychology
|
|
|
|
Prognosis
|
Prognosis: forecast of the course of disease
|
|
|
Diagnosis
|
"Diagnosis: identification of disease based on patient’s signs & symptoms
|
|
|
What is dualism and who first described it
|
Descartes believed that the mind and body were two seperate entities
|
|
|
What is described as a challenge to the field of Health Psychology
|
A challenge is to remain broad enough to capture the multitude of influences on health and wellbeing, but limited enough o maintain a strong scientific discipline
|
|
|
What are the goals of a study
|
"i.
|
|
|
ii.
|
Make predictions - Hypothesis
|
|
|
iii.
|
Explain why it occurs – Theory"
|
|
|
What is a hypothesis
|
a testable prediction about conditions under which an event occur
|
|
|
Theory
|
organized set of principles used to explain an observed phenomenon
|
|
|
Reliability
|
how consistent are the findings
|
|
|
Validity
|
are we really measuring what we want to be measuring
|
|
|
Correlation
|
an association between two variables
|
|
|
Causation
|
one variable causes another
|
|
|
RCT
|
randomized control trial
|
|
|
Retrospective
|
"participants report the past
|
|
|
1.
|
ie patients asked how many packs of cigarettes smoked per week in pas year
|
|
|
2.
|
Problems: it relies on memory
|
|
|
Prospective
|
"predictor measure assessed well in advance of outcome
|
|
|
1.
|
ie participants followed for 1 year, report each week how many packs they smoked
|
|
|
2.
|
Problem: correlational study, cannot infer causation
|
|
|
Cross-Sectional
|
assessing samples of different ages at 1 point in time
|
|
|
Cohort Effect
|
variations in the characteristics of an area of study over time among individuals who are defined by some shared temporal experience or common life experience
|
|
|
Longitudinal
|
"conducting study over time
|
|
|
1.
|
ie measures personality of participants at age 40 and measure heart rate of same participants at age 50
|
|
|
2.
|
Problem: correlational
|
|
|
Laboratory
|
conducting study in laboratory setting
|
|
|
Field Study
|
conducting study in natural setting
|
|
|
Survey Method
|
"A.
|
|
|
1.
|
Problems with self report issues, hard to be objective in some cases
|
|
|
Case Studies
|
In-depth analysis of one subject
|
|
|
Observational Method
|
Describe and measure observed behavior systematically
|
|
|
Clinical method
|
randomized control trials
|
|
|
Quasi experiments
|
"used when true experiments are not possible
|
|
|
A.
|
ie unethical to assign diseases to individuals
|
|
|
|
Measures used
|
