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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Two major schools of thought
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structuralism and functionalism
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structuralism
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analyzed consciouness into its basic elements and investigates how these elements are related
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functionalism
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investigates function or purpose of consciousness
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William James
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1842-1910 founder of functionalism
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Edward Titchener
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1892 founder of structuralism
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Wilhelm Wundt
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German (1832-1920) U of Leipzig, founder of psychology, def. psych as study of conscious experience
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introspection
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careful, systematic observation of one's own conscious experience
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natural selection
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inherited characteristics that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are more likely than alternative characteristics to be passed on to subsequent generations and thus become "selected" over time
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James hoped to achieve the study of...
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stream of consciousness, counter argued structuralists were looking at static elements
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behaviorism
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theoretical orientation based on premise that scientific study should only be on observable behavior
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John B Watson
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(1878-1958) stated behaviorism, abandon consciousness, study observable because verifiable, nature vs nurture, animal research
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behavior
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refers to any over (observable) response or activity by an organism
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Gestalt psychology
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German opposition to behaviorism, other was Freud
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Sigmund Freud
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psychoanalytical theory, applied to diagnose patients with mental disorders, self diagnosis
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psychoanalytical theory
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attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior
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Freud focuses
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personality, motivation and abnormal behavior
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B.F. Skinner
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(1904-1990) behaviorist, free will is an illusion, argued unconscious events cannot be studied scientifically, emphasized environmental factors, most influential American
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underlying principle of Skinner
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organisms tend to repeat favorable outcomes as they tend to not repeat negative and neutral outcomes
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humanism
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theo. orientation emphasizes unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth
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Behavioral Period
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1913, WPS, overt behavior, stimulus repsonse (Watson, Pavlov, Skinner)
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Psychoanalytical Period
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1900, FJA, unconscious motives in childhood rule personality and mental disorders (Freud, Jung, Adler)
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Humanistic Period
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1950, RM, humans are free with growth, diff. from animals (Rogers, Maslow)
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Cognitive Period
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1950, PCS thoughts mental processes humans cannot be fully understood without examining how people acquire, store and process information (Piaget, Chomsky, Simon)
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Biological Period
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1950, OSHW, organism (animal and human) functioning can be determined in terms of their bodily structures and biochemical processes that underlie behavior (Olds, Sperry, Hubel, Wisel)
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Evolutionary Period
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1980, DBWTC, behavior patterns evolved to solve adaptive problems, natural selection (Buss, Daly, Wilson, Cosmides, Tooby)
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cognition
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metnal processes involved in acquiring knowledge
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Roger Sperry
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1981 research showed left and right halves of the brain are specialized to handle different types of mental tasks
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psychology
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science tha studes behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie behavior, and it is the profession that paplies the accumlated knowledge of this science to practical problems
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research areas in psychology
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developmental, social, experimental, physiological, cognitive, personality, psychometrics
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professional specialities in psychology
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clinical, counseling, educational/ school, industrial/organizational
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goals of scientific enterprise
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md, up, ac, (measurement, description, understanding, prediction, application, control)
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theory
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system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations, allow for descrip of behavior to understanding
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steps in scientific investigation
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HDCAR
1. hypothesis 2. design the study 3. collect the data 4. analyze the data, draw con 5. report the findings |
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survey research
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involves administrating questionairres, and interviews to a large number of people
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data collection techniques
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procedures for making empirical observations and measurements
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experiment
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research method in whic hthe investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result
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IV
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condition/event experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable
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DV
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variable that's thought to be affected by manipulation of the independent variable
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extraneous variables
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any other variables other than the independent varirable that seem likely to influence the dv in a specific study
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confounding
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occurs when 2 variables are linked in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their specific effects
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experimental group
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receive some special treament in regard to IV
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control group
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don't receive special treatment unlike given to the experimental group
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theory of IV and DV
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can manipulate more than 1 IV or measure more than 1 DV in experiment
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pros of experiment
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conclusions about cause and effect relationships can be shown
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cons of experiment
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artificial, can't explore research questions
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correlation
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2 variables are related to eachother, strenthg 0 to 1
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negative correlation
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covary in oppositite direction, - sign
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positive correlation
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covary in same direction, + sign
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prediction and correlation
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as strength increases, prediction of 1 V increases
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naturalistic observation
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careful observation of behavior, no interact with subjects
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case study
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in depth investigation into a individual subject, independent
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survey
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researchers use questionnaires or interviews to gather info about specific aspects of participants' behavior
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replication
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repetition of study to see duplication in results
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sample
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collection of subjects for study
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sampling bias
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sample is not representative of pop.
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placebo effect
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participants' expectations lead them to experience some change even though they receive empty, fake or ineffectual treatment
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experimenter bias
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preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained
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theories go from ___ to
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description to understanding
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operational
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describes the actions used to measure or control a variable
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glia
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cells that provide insulation, provide structural support
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neurons
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cells that integrate, transmite and receive info
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soma
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cell body contains the cell nucleus and much of the chemical machinery
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dendrites
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spiderlike, parts of neuron that are specialized to receive info, RECEPTOR sites
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axon
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long, thin fiber that transmits signals away from the soma to other neurons or to muscles, glands, (impulses are trans)
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myelin sheath
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insulating material encases axons, fatty substance; speeds up transmission of signals along axon, less shealth less signal
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terminal buttons
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knobs that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters
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multiple sclerosis
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loss of muscle due to loss of myelin shealth
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synapse
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junction where info is transmitted from one neuron to another (terminal button)
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vary in size and shape, densely interconnected
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neurons
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neural impluse
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neuron's stimulated, nature of the signal
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Hodgkin and Huxley
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1952, neural impulse, electrochemical, squid large, inside & outside fluids, resting potential
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resting potential
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of a neuron is its stable, negative charge when the cell is inactive, -70 militvolts, 1/20 flashlight battery
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ions
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electrically charged atoms and molecules, inside and outside the atom
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differences in flow rates...
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lead to a higher concentration of negatively charged ions inside the cell
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action potential
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voltage at constant, no messages are being sent, very brief shift in a neuron's electrical charge that travels along an axon
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lock and key mechanism
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where sites are tuned to recognize and respond to some neurotransmitters but not to others
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neurotransmitters are released when
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syn. vesicle unites with the membrance of the presynaptic cell and its concents spill into the synaptic cleft
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cell to cell messaging
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inhibitory and excitatory
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excitatory PSP
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positive voltage shift that increases the likelihood that posynaptic neuron will fire action potentials
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inhibitory PSP
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negative voltage shift that decrease the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials
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when a neurotransmitter and a receptor molecule combine reactions in the cell membrance
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cause a PSP
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posynaptic potential PSP
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a voltage change at a receptor site on a posynaptic cell membrace, either E or I
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PSPs increase/decrease the
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probability of a neural impulse in the receiving cell
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2 Types of PSP messages
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excitatory and inhibitory
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direc. of voltage, nature of PSP (in. or excitatory) depends on..
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where the receptor sites are activated
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reuptake
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process where NT's sponged up from synpatic cleft by the presynaptic membrane
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synpatic transmission
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SRRIB (synthesis, storage, release of NTs, RUPtake, Inactivation (enzyme) removal (drift away), binding of neurotransmitters
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how many neurotransmitters are there?
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9 well known, 40 that function PT (neuropeptide)
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acetylcholine (ACh)
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skeletal muscles, attent, arousual and memory, some recep. by nicotine
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dopamine (DA)
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cont. voluntary movement, emotions, cocaine and amphetamines elevate DA synapses (low parkinson's and high schizo)
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norepinehphrine
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mood, arousal, cocaine @ amph. elevate at NE
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serotonin
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sleep, wakefulness, eating, aggression, dep, OCD, SSTi's like prozac affect here
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endorphins
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resemble opiate drugs, pain relief, pleasurable emotions
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agonist
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chemical mimics the actions of the neurotransmitter
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antagonist
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chemical refutes teh action of the neurotransmitter
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monomaines
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3 NT's, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin DNS, everyday behavior
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endorphins
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internally produced chemical sthat resmeble opiates in structure and effects
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human nervous system is divided into...
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central and peripheral nervous system
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peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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made up of all those nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord
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nerves
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bundles of neuron fibers (axons)
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PNS can be subdivided into
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somatic and automatic nervous system
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somatic nervous system SNS
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made of nerves connecting to voluntary skeletal muscles, sensory receptors
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afferent nerve fibers
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axons carry info into CNS from peripherary
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effervent nerve fibers
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axons carry info away from CNS to peripherary
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automatic nervous system (ANS)
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nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles and glands
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ANS divides into
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sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
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sympathetic
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part of ANS mobilizes body's resources for emergencies, fight or flight response MOBILIIZE
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parasympathetic
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part of ANS conserves body resources, save & store energy CONSERVE
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CNS central nervous system
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brain and spinal cord
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CT
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computerized tomography, X ray of brain structure
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MRI
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magnetic resonance imaging, uses magnetic fields, radio waves and computers to map out brain structures
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PET
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position emission tomography, color coded, radioactive markers to map out chemical activity
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fMRI
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functional MRI monitors blood and oxygen flow
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3 divisions of brain
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hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain
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hindbrain
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cerebrum, medulla and pons (2 located below)
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medulla
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regulates unconscious funtions (breathing, maintaining muscle tone, circulation)
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pons
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bridge of fibers, sleep and arousal
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cerebrum
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(little brain) coordinates fine movement and balance
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midbrain
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area regulates intregating sensory processes like vision and hearing
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reticular formation
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contributes to modulation of muscle reflexes, breathing, pain, sleep & wakefulness
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forebrain
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largest and most complex part of the brain
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cerebral cortex
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outer layer of the brain
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thalamus
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structure in the forebrain through which all sensory info (no smell) must pass to arrive at cerebral cortex; made of somas
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hypothalamus
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invovled in reg. of basic biological needs, four F's
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limbic system
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loosely connected network of strcutres located along border between cerebral cortex and deeper subcortical areas
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hippocampus
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part of limbic system involved in learning, memory
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amygdala
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fear responses here
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cerebral cortex
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convoluted outer layer of the cerebrum
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cerebral hemisphere
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right and left halves of the cerebrum disc. by Roger Sperry
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corpus callosum
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major structure that connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres
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chromosomes
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threadlike strands of DNA molecules that carry genetic information
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polygenic traits
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characteristics that are influenced by more than one pair of genes
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genes
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DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission
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family studies
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researches asses hereditary influence by examining blood relatives to see how much they resemble one another on a specific trait
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twin studies
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researches assess hereditary influence by comparing the resemblance of identical twins and fraternal twins with respect to a trai
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adoption studies
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look at relationships between the children and their parents
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fitness
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refers to the reproductive success (number of descendants) of an individual organism relative to the average reproductive success in the population
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variations in reproductive success
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fuel evoltionary change
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natural selection
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heritable characteristics with advantage are more likely to be passed down and selected over time
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adaptation
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inherited characteristic that increased in a population though natural selection because it helps solve a problem of survial or reproduction during the time it emerged
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occipital love
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VISION, back of head, includes the cortical area where most visual signals are send and visual processing is begun, primary visual cortex
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parietal lobe
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sense of touch
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