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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Algorithm |
methodical, logical procedure that guarantees solving a problem |
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Heuristic |
a simple thinking strategy... we can make judgments & solve problems efficiently |
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Insight |
a sudden & often novel realization of the solution to a problem |
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Creativity |
the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas |
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Confirmation Bias |
a tendency to search for info that supports out preconceptions & to ignore or distort contradicting evidence |
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Fixation |
the inability to see a problem from a new perspective |
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Mental Set |
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, (one that had been successful in the past) |
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Functional Fixedness |
the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions |
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Representativeness Heuristic |
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent or match prototypes |
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Availability Heuristic |
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory |
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Overconfidence |
the tendency to be more confident than correct....to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs/judgments |
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Belief Perseverance |
clinging to one's initial conceptions after they've been discredited |
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Intuition |
an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought |
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Framing |
the way an issue is posed; how an issue can significantly affect decisions & judgments |
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Language |
our spoken, written, or signed words & the ways we combine them to communicate |
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Phoneme |
in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit |
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Morpheme |
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning |
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Grammar |
in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate w/ & understand each other |
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Semantics |
the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, & sentences...................the study of meaning |
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Syntax |
the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences |
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Babbling Stage |
speech development period in which the infant utters various sounds of the household language |
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One-Word Stage |
speech development period in which a child speaks mostly in single words |
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Two-Word Stage |
speech development period in which a child speaks using mostly verbs & nouns |
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Linguistic Determinism |
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
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Cognition |
the mental activities associated w/ thinking, remembering, knowing, & communicating |
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Concept |
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people |
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Prototype |
a mental image or best example of a category |
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Intelligence Test |
a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes using numerical scores |
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Intelligence |
a mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, & use knowledge to adapt to situations |
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General Intelligence (g) |
a factor that underlies specific mental abilities and is measured by every task on an intelligence test |
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Factor Analysis |
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test |
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Savant Syndrome |
a condition in which a person has ONE exceptional specific skill |
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Emotional Intelligence |
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, & use emotions |
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Mental Age |
a measure of intelligence test performance that connects your chronological age to the average scores of others |
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Stanford-Binet |
the widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test |
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Intelligence Quotient |
the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100 |
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Achievement Tests |
tests designed to assess what a person has learned |
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Aptitude Tests |
tests designed to predict a person's future performance |
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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) |
the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal & performance subtests |
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Standardization |
defining meaningful scores by comparison w/ the performance of a pretested group |
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Normal Curve |
the symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes distrubution |
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Reliability |
the extent to which a test yields consistent results |
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Validity |
the extent to which a test measures or predicts which it is supposed to |
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Content Validity |
the extent to which a test samples the behavior that it of interest |
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Predictive Validity |
the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict |
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Intellectual Disability |
a condition of limited mental ability, intelligence score below 70 |
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Down Syndrome |
a condition of intellectual disability & associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 |
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Sterotype Threat |
a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype |
