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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Person Centered Therapy |
Carl Rodgers - trained as a psychoanalysis wanted a caring relationship with his clients
humanism |
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Humanism |
PCT basic motivational force- towards actualization and maximizing potential developing freedom=less defensive & distorted in reactions to total inner experiences and social environment human nature is positive humans don't know their full potential being and becoming |
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The Actualizing Tendency |
PCT Phenomenological reality- what humans experience the world through human growth varies from one to the other- focus will be on different things self acutalization- should be flexible( no rigid) and open (not defensive) |
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Positive Regard |
PCT Positive regard from others- need for love and acceptance to be accepted- need love and affection we become products of our social influences, rather than tuned into inner experiencing values of significant others results in alienation from our own experiencing other people determine what is “right” and “wrong”
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Self- Regard
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PCT A view of ones own worth conditions or worth- regard for our self when we think or act in certain ways thoughts and actions approved by other people |
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Unconditional Positive Regard |
PCT when a person thinks of his actions and behaviors worthy of love and acceptance no conditions of worth we can have awareness of all inner experiences
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Congruence |
PCT consistency and harmony between the self- concept and personal experiencing |
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Fully- Functioning Person |
PCT ultimate actualization because there are no conditions of worth and experience unconditional positive regard happens on a continuum makes do with what they have (not about getting what you want but wanting what you have) |
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Healing Thy Self |
PCT individuals have the capacity within themselves to discover what is making them anxious and unhappy and to bring about changes in their lives |
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Therapist's Role |
PCT * no advice, only acceptance and understanding* therapy progresses: client stops making derogatory comments about themselves and makes more self- accepting comments |
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Person Centered Therapy Conditions |
PCT *Congruence- harmony between what the therapist feels and what is said to the client *Unconditional Positive Regard- relating and feeling that the client is worthy regardless of their condition *Empathetic Understanding- sensing the clients inner experiencing and relating it back * therapist needs to be fully functioning and questions are necessary |
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Criticisms of PCT |
*doesn't address multiculturalism *effective with only high functioning people * non- directive * incomplete
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Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy
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Albert Ellis * thought free association was too passive * painfully shy around girls |
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Developing a Theory |
REBT * attacks client's belief system * pushed clients to work against irrational beliefs * Power or Profanity |
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The Goal |
REBT * convincing people to use their rational processes to create a life that maxes their pleasures |
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Long Term Hedonism |
REBT purpose of life is to have a good F****** time * no long term suffering |
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Theory of REBT |
* how would you feel
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ABCs of REBT |
A does not lead to C, B is a crucial component that leads to C B= belief that individual use to process the activating events in life what would you be telling yourself to make you feel depressed? |
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Irrational vs. Rational Processing (REBT) |
Potential Irrational Beliefs (IBs) about the A “it was awful that I was rejected” C= Consequences= emotional and behavioral consequences of what occurred depression and anxiety subsequent behaviors based on IBs? Rational beliefs about the A rejection sucks |
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Consequences |
REBT subsequent behaviors due to irrational beliefs |
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REBT Theory |
a person who processes rejection or failures through a rational belief may feel appropriate consequences determination to change whatever can be changed to improve the situation or prevent a re-occurrence a person who processes rejection or failure through an irrational belief system can experience inappropriate consequences |
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"there is nothing good or bad but thinking makes it so" (REBT) |
* Homework is key
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Theory of Psychopathology (REBT) |
there are three broad categories of IB’s 1. rigid demands: usually expressed in the words must, should, ought to, & have to 2. awfulizing: catastrophizing - " if I don't have my goal I'll never get what I want" 3. Low frustration tolerance “i can’t stand it” “it is awful” processing activating events through absolute beliefs will produce dysfunctional consequences |
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theory of the Therapeutic Process (REBT) |
* replace them with more rational beliefs that constitute an effective new philosophy on life
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Therapy in REBT |
* if clients say they can’t stand to be rejected- make them test it
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The Relationship in REBT |
therapists demonstrates unconditional acceptance of the client, even when attacking irrational beliefs never evaluate the client as a person, but they do evaluate the client’s beliefs and behaviors accurate empathy is not helpful, because it often encourages the client to feel bad empathy in REBT is listening closely in order to understand what clients are probably telling themselves to produce upsetting emotions |
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Criticisms of REBT |
* no functioning of a relationship before diving into the problems
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy |
Beck *originally developed to treat depression |
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Commonalities Between Ellis and Beck |
worked simultaneously, but independently both trained as psychoanalysis goal of helping clients to become conscious of maladaptive cognitive and replace them with more appropriate and adaptive thought patterns Both are rather eclectic in technique selection- all techniques are fair game if they help challenge irrational beliefs or cognitions empirical in theory revision both had anxiety and used cognitive principles to overcome them both therapies are problem oriented and directive both valued homework important to treatment |
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Theory of Psychopathology (CBT) |
maladaptive cognitions and cognitive errors” these cognitive errors cause psychopathology |
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Common Cognitive Errors (CBT) |
Overgeneralizing- if it is true in one situation it must be true from any situation that is remotely similar Selective abstraction- the only events that matter are the failures, which are the sole measure of myself (Ellis’ filtering) Excessive responsibility- i am responsible for bad things bad events and life failures (opposite of Ellis’ blaming) Self- Reference- i am at the center of everyone’s attention, particularly when i fail at something (ellis’ mind reading) Dichotomous Thinking- everything is either one extreme or another, good or bad (polarized thinking -Ellis) |
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Core beliefes and Automatic Thoughts (CBT) |
* may not be aware of these thoughts when they happen but we can become aware of the emotions
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Two Basic Types of Automatic Thoughts by Judy (CBT) |
* accurate but within a distorted conclusion- “ i upset my boyfriend so now he’ll never love me again”
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CBT's Therapeutic Relationship |
relationship- a collaborative empiricism (scientific approach) encourages clients to make personal discoveries by questioning clients come to rational conclusions on their own, evidence is harder to refute Empowering- “I AM capable of positive changes in my life” basic Tenets of counseling are important: empathy, normalizing the problem, instilling hope, continually building rapport Early in therapy- explain what therapy is, how it works and what is expected |
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CBT Therapy |
considered a brief therapy → only 5-20 session therapy is often structured so that clients discover inaccurate thoughts for themselves helps people do therapy on themselves in the future preventing relapse inductive method- help client turn core beliefs into hypothesis and test them Goals are set early and created by client and therapist and are revised throughout therapy hierarchy of goals is established in the client has many difficulties and one or two is worked on at a time |
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CBT homework |
* client becomes increasingly responsible for assigning his or her own homework
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Identifing Distortions in CBT |
cognitive distortions- will almost invariably come out as a client is describing a difficulty affect is linked to cognition- shift is affect often means a cognitive shift “what was going through your mind?” Interference Chaining- used to identify core belief what an automatic thought is identified the counselor will ask: “if that were true, what would that thought mean?” |
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Techniques for Changing Cognitive distortions in CBT |
Asking for evidence-where is this data coming from? is it a good source challenging absolutes- “never” and “always” De- catastrophizing- what would really be the worst thing to happen If the actual worse case scenario happens- how bad will it really be? will you survive? Reattribution- if the client takes responsibility for everything or blames other for everything → take it literally and challenge it |
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More CBT thechniques |
* Use the DTR- have a client come up with their own rational statement to replace the irrational ones
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Techniques for Ruminating in CBT |
* idea is not to reduce the symptom, but to show the client that he/she has control over the symptom
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Does CBT work? |
* difficult or impossible to evaluate many other forms of therapy but we know CBT works
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Criticisms of CBT |
* putting a band aid on the wound → deals with what is on the surface= to short term
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Interpersonal Psychotherapy |
grew from a couple of theorist * ** has since been validated with many types of disorders |
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Theoretical Assumptions of IPT |
* personality contributions- personality is not a focus because IPT is a brief therapy
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Time limitations and Manualization of IPT |
Has a strict time limit that is established at the beginning of therapy the duration is a compromise between needs of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in random trials pressures the client and the therapist to work quickly *analytic processes are avoided as much as possible |
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"the Sick Role" |
* *sick role entails responsibility to work to recover the lost of the “healthy Role”
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First Few Sessions of IPT |
* interpersonal deficits
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Sessiond 3-14 of IPT |
* little focus upon the specific illness process apart from asking about symptom severity and response to treatment
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Final Session of IPT |
* they can also see how much they have benefited from therapy
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Interpersonal Problem areas of IPT |
Interpersonal Disputes Grief Role Transition Interpersonal Deficits |
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Interpersonal Disputes (IPT) |
tend to occur in marital and family settings conflicts are extensive enough to lead to significant distress attempts to identify faulty communication and unreasonable expectations interventions: communication training problem solving anything to get a positive change |
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Role Transition (IPT) |
patient has to adapt to change in life developmental crisis or adapting to life events or dealing with the end of a relationship Helps patient: appraise old and new roles identify the source of difficulty in new role addressing cognitive errors |
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Grief (IPT) |
“loss through death” assumption that the grieving process has been delayed or was excessive help patient reconstruct the relationship with the deceased through: encouraging effect clarification and empathetic listening helping establish new relationships |
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Interpersonal Deficits (IPT) |
not good with people current and pasted relationships are examined therapeutic relationship is a focus to identify maladaptive interpersonal patterns serves as a template for other relationships more common with people who have a chronic depression or low lying depression |
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Techniques of IPT |
* *** important is the use of the therapeutic relationship
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Corrective Emotional Experience (IPT) |
patients may have been punished in some way for doing so in the past *patients experiences their relationship with the therapist a new and satisfying response to their problems than they have found with others patients are able to: forgive themselves for behaviors that they have felt shameful or guilty about and experience the pain of how much this has hurt them in other relationships |
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Does IPT Work? |
* just as effective as medication for the treatment of depression with greater long term effects
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Criticisms of IPT |
* time limited/ manualized
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