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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Encoding
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Process that puts info to be remembered into forms we can use
-use memory codes to do this |
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Memory codes
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go from the senses to mental representations
-Acoustic - Visual -Semantic |
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Acoustic Code
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Sound
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Visual Code
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sight/pictures
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Semantic Codes
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general meaning of an experience (recognising an experience)
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Storage
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holding of info. in memory over time
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Retrieval
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-ability to find info. and bring it into conciousness
-Finding/ retrieving memories -Recall and recognition |
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Recall
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trying to remember without using hints
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Recognition
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remembering memories using hints
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Episodic Memory
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A Memory of any event that happened while you were there EVENTS
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Semantic Memory
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Generalized knowledge about your world (no specific events) INFORMATION
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Procedural Memory
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Involves a memory of how to do something- ACTION
ex. ride a bike, walk |
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Explicit Memories
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deliberately tyring to remember a memory
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Implicit Memories
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unintentional recollection and influence of prior experience
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Information Processing Model
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For Info to be placed firmly in memory, goes through 3 mental processes
1) Sensory Mem. 2) STM 3) LTM |
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Sensory Memory
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-deals with sensation and Perception
-info held for less than 1 sec. -goes to STM if it is important, if not , gone in 20 sec. -further processing enters LTM |
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Short Term Memory
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18-30 sec. long
DOES MENTAL WORK acoustic- saying things out loud visual- writing them down physical- new dance move |
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"Magic Number"- Chunks
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6-7 bits of info. at a time in STM
Miller- STM = 5 + or - 2 (3-7) chunks of info. |
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Diff. between LTM and STM
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STM- more detailed info- frontal lobe
LTM- holds memories with meaning- may lose some detail- hippocampus and cerebral cortex |
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Rehersal
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repeating things over and over
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Long Term Memory
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3 ways to store LTM
1)Procedural 2)Semantic 3)Episodic -Procedural and Semantic stored the best |
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Procedural LTM
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bringing out the memory of skills
ABILITY TO DO SOMETHING |
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Semantic LTM
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memory for meaning
UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS (ex: rem. meaning of moment or person) |
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Episodic LTM
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Stores info. of experiences that u are involved in w/a specific time and space
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Recall Retrieval
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ex: essay questions
give no clues |
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Recognition Retrieval
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ex: Multiple choice
Use Clues |
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Re-Learning Method
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If it takes less time to re-learn info than the first time, then it is in your memory
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Serial Effect
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1st words go to the LTM because of rehersal
Last Words go to STM and are easy to retrieve ex: reading the word list |
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Retrieval Cues
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stimuli which help you retrieve info. from the LTM
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Encoding Specificity Principle
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The effectiveness of retrieval cues depends on extent to which they tap into info. that was encoded at the time of learning
(BETTER THE RETRIEVAL CUE = FASTER YOU RETRIEVE) |
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Context Dependant Memories
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memories that are helped or hindered by similarities or differences in the environment (ex. apple smell room)
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State Dependant Memories
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The retrieval of memories are influenced by our internal state (ex: feel happy in relationship - remember happy times, feel sad- remember sad times)
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Constructive memory
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Filling in the gaps based on generalized knowledge (ex. Room- thinking there was a wastebasket or book)
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Decay Theory
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Memories that are unused are going to fade over time- WORKS ONLY FOR STM
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Interference Theory
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Other memories (similar to the one you are trying to recall) will interfere with the retrieval of a particular memory
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Proactive Interference
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OLD
Interference built up by prior learning (can remember old info, but not new) ex: Remembering James's room # interferes with remembering Amandas |
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Retroactive Interference
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NEW
Interference created by later learning (Can remember new info. not old) ex: can remember Amanda's new # but forget the one James told you |
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Reconstruction Theory
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Info. in the LTM is not forgotten but is sometimes reacalled in a distorted or incorrect way
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Motivated Forgetting Theory
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(Freud)
Forgetting info. because it's threatening to us (traumatic exper.) |
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Visual Biology of Memory
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visual info. is 1st routed through the thalamus to the occipital area of the cerebral cortex (sensory register)
FEW SECS |
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STM Biology of Remembering
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relayed to frontal and parietal lobes
30 SEC |
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LTM Biology of Forgetting
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info. transferred to hippocampus(can be stored for several weeks to months) and then transfrerred to where it was processed
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Recalling LTM (Biology)
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uses Frontal Lobe and held in STM storage (pulling out LTM process)
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Anterograde Amnesia
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the inability to conciously retrieve new info. from the LTM
-lasts forever -procedural mem. not effected (ex. guy in video) |
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Retrograde Amnesia
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Old memories can't be recalled but new ones can
Temporary |