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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Relationship between memory and learning.
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Persistence of learning over time.
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What is encoding?
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The processing of info into the memory system.
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Automatic Processing
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Enormous amount of info. processed effortlessly by us like:
Space (while reading textbook automatically encode place of picture on page). Time (we unintentionally note events that take place in a dau). Frequency (you effortlessly keep track of things that happened to you). |
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Retrieval Cues
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Words, events, places, and emotions.
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Recall memory
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Fewest retrieval cues.
The person must retrieve info. using effort, e.g. a fill-in-the-blank test requires recall. |
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Retrieval
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Not a measure of retention.
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Rehearsal
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Effortful learning, usually requires rehearsal or conscious repitition.
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Ebbinghaus
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Studied rehearsal by using NONSENSE SYLLABLES.
The more times nonsense syllables were practiced on Day 1, the fewer repititions were required to relearn them on Day 2. |
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Encoding failure
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Inability to remember info presented in seconds before going to sleep.
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The spacing effect
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Distributed rehearsal is better than massed practice.
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Semantic encoding
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Encoding by meaning.
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Visual encoding
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Encoding by images.
Mental pictures are powerful to effortful processing, especially when combined w/semantic encoding. |
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Mnemonic device
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Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids.
Involves forming mental image of items to be remembered in way that links them together. |
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Chunking
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Organizing items into familiar, manageable unit.
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Long-term memory
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Rehearsal.
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. |
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Three steps in memory information processing.
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Encoding.
Storage. Retrieval. |
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Atkinson and Shiffrin
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3-stage model of memory: sensory, short-term, long-term.
Problems = some info. skips 1st two stages and enter long-term automatically; since cannot focus all sensory info. in environment, we select info (htru attention) that is important to us; nature of short-term memory is more complex. |
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Short-term memory
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Holds 7 items.
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Recognition
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The person has to identify an item amongst others, e.g. a multiple-choice test.
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Deja vu
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"I've experienced this before."
Cues from current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience. |
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Recall
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The person must retrieve info. using effort, e.g. a fill-in-the-blank test requires recall.
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Retrieval Cues (primed)
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To retrieve a specific memory from web of associations, you first need to activate one of the strands that leads to it.
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Flashbulb Memory
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Unique and highly emotional moment can give rise to clear, strong, and persistent memory.
Though this memory is not free from errors. |
