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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
conversion hysteria
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physical ailment without an apparent physical cause
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medical approach to conversion hysteria
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keep looking for a physical cause
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Freud's approach to conversion hysteria
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there is a psychological cause, and the cause is unconscious
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how do we know Freud was right about conversion hysteria being psychological?
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- glove anesthesia
- hypnosis (Mesmer) |
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What did the "talking cure" result in?
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Freud took Breur's "talking cure" and created psychoanalysis
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why study abnormal people to see what's up with normal ones?
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psychological processes of abnormal and normal people are quite similar -> abnormal people are just exaggerated
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psychoanalysis
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the process in which the unconscious is made conscious
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free association
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say what pops into your head
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physical determinism
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Newton - everything physical has a cause and a consequence
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psychological determinism
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Freud - following Newton, if there are no random physical events, there are no random psychological events
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resistances (during free association)
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point at which people resist further associations -> behavioral manifestations of underlying psychological conflict
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what happens when you overcome resistances during free association?
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the following associations will reveal the underlying prorblem, which is either a sexual or aggressive anxiety-provoking desire
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spatial model of human mentation
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big room = unconscious
guard = gatekeeper little room = conscious |
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how is anxiety important in the spatial model of human mentation?
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anxiety is the determinant - anxiety-provoking thoughts are not allowed through the gatekeeper into conscious thought
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respression
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suppressing anxiety-causing thoughts so they don't bother you
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neurosis
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repressed desires are transformed for consciou expression
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what's good and bad about neurosis
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good = less anxious
bad = don't know what you want, don't get it, become frustrated |
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personality
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the manner by which individuals transform repressed anxiety-causing desires into socially acceptable thoughts, feelings, and behavior
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according to "Civilization and its Discontents" why do we repress our sexual/aggresive desires?
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to preserve civilization
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what is "normal" and "abnormal"?
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normal = share a neurosis w/ everyone else
abnormal = 1% are psychotic, 99% just invent their own neurotic symptoms |
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what are the "big five" dimensions or personality?
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extroversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience
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the trait approach to personality
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way of looking at differences among individuals by developing a standard set of qualities, or attributes, and then describing people in those terms
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the social-cognitive approach to personality
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traits are static and people/situations are not
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Freud's psychodynamic approach to personality
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human acts and thoughts are just the outer expression of a whole host of motives and desires that are unknown to the person himself, often derived from early childhood experiences
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defense mechanisms:
displacement |
a forbidden, repressed impulse is rechanneled into an acceptable expression
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defense mechanisms:
reaction formation |
the repressed wish is warded off by its diametrical opposite
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defense mechanisms:
rationalization |
the person interprets her own feelings or actions in more acceptable terms
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defense mechanisms:
projection |
forbidden urges well up and are recognized, but the person attributes them to others
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what are Freuds stages of psychosexual development?
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oral, anal, phallic, genital
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Oedipus complex
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boy wants sex with mom, dad gets in the way, boy hates dad, then fears dad
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The humanistic approach to personality
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people want to become self-actualized and fulfilled
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs
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bottom = lower order physiological needs, safety needs are higher up, the need for attachment and love is still higher, and the desire for self-esteem is higher yet,
and self-actualization is at the top |
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psychopathology
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the study of conditions that deviate from normal functioning and are considered mental illness
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What was the ancient belief of the cause of mental illness?
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demonic possession
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What was the turning point at which people realized that mental illness can have biological causes?
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discovered that general paresis was caused by an earlier infection of syphillis, treated with penicllin
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is there a concordance of schizophrenia?
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yes, it is likely genetic because if one twin is schizo, then the other is likely to be also
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how long has there been mental illness?
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since the beginning of recorded history
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is our understanding of the causes of mental illness static?
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no, it has changed over time and continues to change
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how does one choose a particular method of treatment for mental illness?
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by what one believes the cause of the illness to be
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organic pathology approach to mental illness
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physical causes get physical treatments
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psychodynamic approach to mental illness
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unresolved conflict (repressed desires transformed into neuroses)
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three psychondynamic solutions to mental problems
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- just do it (the thing you want and are repressing)
- stoic acceptance (suck it up) - sublimation (convert problematic desire into socially acceptable behavior) |
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humanistic approach to mental illness
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psychopathology is detachment from true thoughts and feelings -> help people self-actualize, live in the moment, have faith in others, be open to experience
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existential approach to mental illness
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difficulty coping with reality -> help people find meaning in their lives (cope with death, freedom, isolation)
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generalized anxiety disorder
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generally anxious/afraid all the time
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panic disorder
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anxious only sometimes -> have panic attacks
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phobia
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afraid of something specific, often irrationally
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obsessive-compulsive disorder
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obsessed with things, compulsive behavior
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learning approach to mental illness
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behavior is dysfunctional because of prior messed up learning
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classical conditioning for treating mental illness (systematic desensitization)
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- used for phobias
1) cause original response to become extinct 2) replace original response with a new one that involves pleasure rather than fear |
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instrumental conditioning for treating mental illness
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- used for OCD
- use rewards to get somebody to give up what they're hoarding |
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cognitive approach to treating mental illness (maladaptive cognitions)
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- used for depression
- fix problem by fixing beliefs -> "cognitive restructuring" |
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somatoform disorders
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mental disorders manifested in physical body
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hypochondriasis
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think you're sick when you really aren't
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dissociative disorders -> amnesia, fugue states
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can't remember who you are/how you got where you are
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dissociative identity disorder
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multiple personality disorder
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depression -- 3 explanations
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1) biological: not enough serotonin
2) psychological: people have self-detrimental explanatory styles (internal - everything is my fault, global - i suck at everything, stable - things will suck forever) 3) sociocultural: effects of society (unrealistic standards of beauty, etc) |
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schizophrenia -- symptoms
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- incoherent thinking
- delusions (elaborate, false beliefs) - hallucinations (seeing/hearing stuff that isn't there) - disturbance of affect (attribute things to the wrong causes) - bizarre behavior |
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positive symptoms
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those that involve what patients do, see and think that differ from "normal" people
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negative symptoms
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those that involve a lack of normal functioning
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positive symptoms of schizophrenia
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chemical mistake -> too much dopamine
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negative symptoms of schizophrenia
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neuroanatomical symptoms -> structural differences in brain structure
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manic depression
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bipolar -> highs and lows of mania and depression
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borderline personality disorder
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- generally women
- wildly fluctuating moods - parasitic romantic relationships - won't accept responsibility for relationships - result of childhood abuse |
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antisocial personality disorder
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- generally men
- sociopaths - love to kill, hurt animals as kids - no conscience, fear or guilt |