Psych Test Chapt 6

Front 1

What is learning?

Back 1

Learning is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about through experience through interactions with the environment.

Front 2

What is maturation?

Back 2

changes due to biological causes.

Front 3

Classical Conditioning

Back 3

two sensations repeatedly experienced together became associated together.

Front 4

unconditioned Stimulus

Back 4

a stimulus that can elicit a response without any learning.

Front 5

conditioned stimulus

Back 5

a stimulus that comes to elicit responses as a result of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Front 6

conditioned response

Back 6

a response that is similar or identical to the unconditioned response that comes to be elicited by a conditioned stimulus.

Front 7

Counterconditioning

Back 7

the process of eliminating a classically conditioned response by pairing the CS with an US for a response that is stronger than the CR and that cannot occur at the same times as the CR.

Front 8

operant conditioning

Back 8

learning in which the consequences of behavior lead to changes in the probability of its occurence.

Front 9

positive reinforcement

Back 9

any consequence of behavior that leads to an increase in the probability of its occurence.

Front 10

negative reinforcement

Back 10

negative reinforcement occurs when (1) a behavior is followed by the removal or the avoidance of a negative event, and (2) the probability that the behavior will occur in the future increases as a result.

Front 11

punishment

Back 11

a negative consequence of a behavior, which leads to a decrease in the frequency of the behavior that produces it.

Front 12

primary reinforcers

Back 12

innate positive reinforcers that do not have to be acquired through learning.

*food, water, warmth, novel stimulation, physical activity, and sexual gratification.*

Front 13

secondary reinforcers

Back 13

learned positive reinforcers

*saying "good dog" each time you give it a treat. school grades, prrizes, money

Front 14

schedule reinforcement

Back 14

1. fixed ratio
2. variable ratio
3. fixed interval
4. variable interval

Front 15

continuos reinforcement

Back 15

positive reinforcement as if every response were always followed by a reinforcer.

Front 16

shaping

Back 16

a strategy of positevely reinforcing behaviors that are successively more similar to desired behaviors.

Front 17

escape conditioning

Back 17

operant conditioning in which the behavior is reinforced because it causes a negative event to cease (a form of negative reinforcement.)

Front 18

avoidance conditioning

Back 18

operant conditioning in which the behavior is reinforced because it prevents something negative from happening (a form of negative reinforcement).

Front 19

stimulus discrimination

Back 19

the tendency for responses to occur more often in the presence of one stimulus than others.

*school children act different when teacher is in the room compared to not in the room, clean up when you know someone is coming over*

Front 20

stimulus generalization

Back 20

the tendency for similar stimuli to elicit the same response.

Front 21

extinction

Back 21

the process of unlearning a learned response because of the removal of the original sourse or learning.

Front 22

spontaneous recovery

Back 22

a temporary increase in the strength of a conditioned response, which is likely to occur during extinction after the passage of time.

Front 23

cognitive mapping

Back 23

an inferred mental awareness of the structure of a physical spaces or related elements.

Front 24

What part of the brain is important for cognitive mapping to occur?

Back 24

hypothamlus

Front 25

learning set

Back 25

improvement in the rate of learning to solve new problems through practice solving similar problems.

Front 26

vicarious reinforcemnt

Back 26

observed reinforcement of the behavior of a model, which also increases the probability of the same behavior in the observer.