Psych Test Chap 1

Front 1

Hindsight Bias

Back 1

I knew it all along....after seeing what is true it seems obvious

Front 2

Curious Skepticism

Back 2

what do you mean? how do you know? to beleive with certainty we must begin by doubting

Front 3

Critical thinking

Back 3

thinking that does not blindly accept agreements and conclusions, but rather examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

Front 4

Theory

Back 4

an explanation using integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations

Front 5

Hypothesis

Back 5

a testable prediction often implied by a theory

Front 6

Operational defintition

Back 6

a statements of the procedures used to define research variables...for example: intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures

Front 7

Replication

Back 7

repeating the essence of a research study; usually with different paticipants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding exteneds to other participants and circumstances

Front 8

scientific method

Back 8

make observations, form theories, then refine theories. A self-correcting process for asking questions and observing nature's answer. In the end a theory is useful if it 1) effectively organizes a range of self-reports and observations and 2)implies clear predictions that anyone can sue to check the theory or to derive practical applications

Front 9

Case study

Back 9

study of one individual in depth in hope of revealing things true of us all. can be mislead by anecdotal cases

Front 10

survey method

Back 10

looks at many caes in less depth. ASks people to report behavior. ((Wording of questions can be a delicate procedure))

Front 11

fakse consensus effect

Back 11

the tendency to oversetimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors. (ex: vegetarians)

Front 12

population

Back 12

whole group you want to study and describe (except for national studies does not refer to a countries pop.)

Front 13

random samples

Back 13

where everyone in the group has an equal chance of participating.

Front 14

naturalistic observations

Back 14

oberving and recording behavior in naturally occuring situations without trying to manipulate and control it. like case and survery methods does not explain behavior, describes it

Front 15

correlation coefficient

Back 15

a statistical measure of a relationship, reveals how closeley two things vary and thus how well one predicts the other.

Front 16

scatterplots

Back 16

graphs that illustrate correlations, cakked scatterplots b/c each point plots the value of two variables. negative means nothing of strength just that it is an inverse relationship

Front 17

illusionary correlation

Back 17

a perceived nonexistent correlation; the perception of a relationship where none exists, when we beleive there is a correltaion, we pull up instances that prove that.

Front 18

experiment

Back 18

a research method in which the investigator manipulates one of mroe factors(independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavioror mental process (dependent variable) by random assignemtn of participants controls other relevant factors. focus by 1) manipulating the factors of interest 2) holding constant (controlling) other factors

Front 19

double-blind procedure

Back 19

uninformed of whether participant is getting a placebo or the real thing

Front 20

placebo effect

Back 20

just thinking one is getting a treatment makes them get better

Front 21

experimental condition

Back 21

created by double-blind contrasted by control condition

Front 22

control condition

Back 22

serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

Front 23

randomly assigning

Back 23

by chance minimizing preexisting differences - the two groups should be otherwise identical. roughly equalizes in age, attitudes, etc.

Front 24

independent variable

Back 24

varied independantly to observe change of something else

Front 25

dependent variable

Back 25

observed to see if it changes or not form the change of the indepdendent variable

Front 26

mode/mean/median

Back 26

mode: most frequently occuri8ng score

mean: average score

median: the middle score (always consider is atypical scores could be affecting it)

Front 27

range

Back 27

the gap btwn the lowest and highest scores

Front 28

standard deviation

Back 28

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

Front 29

statitical significance

Back 29

a statitical stement of how likely it is that an obstained result occured by chance indicates liklihood not the importance of the result

Front 30

Culture

Back 30

shared ideas and behaviors that one generation passes on to the next

Front 31

postmodernism

Back 31

questions scientific objectivity. says scientific concepts are socially constructed fictions. (ex. a person commiting a crime of passion does not pause to think of consequences)