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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Piliavin's hypothesis |
1) More help given to same race than different 2) More help given to ill victim than drunk |
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What was examined in Piliavin |
1) Relationship between size of groups 2) Frequency 3) Latency |
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Piliavin setting |
NY subway car Harlem to Bronx 11am - 3 pm April - June 1968 |
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Piliavin - Type of experiment |
Field Experiment. Using participant observation |
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Average racial composition in subway car in Piliavin |
45% black 55% white |
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Average number of people per compartment in Piliavin |
43 |
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Groups in Piliavin |
4 groups of 4 experimenters (2 m 2 f) Victims were 3 white and 1 black (26-35 y.o) (38 conditions were drunk, 65 were ill) Females recorded details. After 70 seconds, victim fell. Model (male) helped him if no one else did. |
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Model Conditions/Details in Piliavin |
4 white males 1) Critical Area - early (70s) 2) " " - late (150s) 3) Adjacent Area - early 4) " " - late |
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Results in Piliavin |
1) Cane victim received spontaneous help 95% 2) Drunk victim 50% 3) No difference in race 4) 64% of helpers were white |
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Conclusions in Piliavin |
1) Ill received more help than drunk 2) Male more likely to help 3) Slight tendency for same-race helping when drunk 4) No diffusion of responsibility |
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Main Aim in Zimbardo |
To test the dispositional theory (bad environment due to nature of prisoners and administrators) |
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Setting/Appartus in Zimbardo |
Police Car, Police, Police Station - for the arrest Prison was constructed in the basement of the psychology department at Stanford University Prison consisted of ' the yard '(the corridor), ' hole ' (small cupboard for solitary confinement) and cells (6 x 9 feet with bars) |
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IV and DV in Zimbardo |
IV- The role of the guard / prisoner DV - Resulting behaviour |
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Participants in Zimbardo |
1) 24 / 75 who answered to a newspaper advertisement which offered $15 (self -selecting volunteer sample) 2) completed tests to ensure no criminal history or mental problems 3) 9 guards and 9 prisoners . 3 standbys (1 guard / 2 prisoners) |
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Uniforms Of Participants in Zimbardo |
Guards - Khaki, night-stick, whistle around neck, sun glasses Prisoners - muslin smock with ID number on back and front, ankle chain and stocking cap |
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The Arrest in Zimbardo |
1) Sunday morning 2) Police car went around California arresting students 3) Each student was arrested at home, charged, read his legal rights and spread-eagled against a police car, searched and handcuffed 4) In front of public |
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Prisoner #8612 in Zimbardo |
Released after first day due to acute emotional disturbance, disorganised thinking and uncontrollable crying. |
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Guards After 5th Day in Zimbardo |
Conformed to role. Wanted to come in when off |
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Mental State of Prisoners |
Rapidly going downhill One psychometric rash 4 broke down into tears |
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The end in Zimbardo |
Ended on 6th day rather than 2 weeks |
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Conclusions |
Dispositional hypothesis incorrect. People conformed to desired role |
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Method of Research in Bandura |
Lab experiment with controlled observation |
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Hypothesis In Bandura |
1) behaviour will be imitated if observed 2) Children will imitate the same-sex model more 3) Boys will present more aggression |
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Variables in Bandura |
IV - Aggressive/Non-aggressive/ control groups - Sex of model - Sex of children DV -Number of behaviours out of 240 |
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Experimental Design in Bandura |
Matched Pairs due to levels of aggression being tested with children |
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Participants in Bandura |
36 boys and girls aged 37-69 months from Stanford Uni nursery Opportunistic sampls |
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Procedure in Bandura |
Children shown to 3 rooms. Room 1 - 'settle in' and saw model (bobo doll and mallet Room 2 - Presented frustration aggression Room 3 - Testing room Observed through 1 way mirror |
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Data in Bandura |
Quantitative Categories were (imitative physical aggression, imitative verbal aggression, partial imitation |
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Results in Bandura |
1) Children with aggressive model reacted more aggressively 2) Boys presented more aggression 3) Boys presented more aggression with male model 4) Girls presented more verbal aggression with female model but more physical with male |
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Conclusion in Bandura |
Behaviour observed is likely to be imiated |
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Hypothesis in Freud |
To test the Oedipus Complex |
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Evidence for Oedipus Complex |
1) highly interested in 'widdler' 2) High curiosity for other people's 'widdler' 3) Mother threatening when playing with 'widdler' 4) Powdering incident 5) giraffe dream |
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Hans's Phobia of Horses |
1) Due to fear of catration 2) wanted father to fall (like horse) 3) black horse reminded him of father, white of Dr A |
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Method in Nelson |
Field Experiment |
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Hypothesis in Nelson |
Young children do not take into account both motive and outcome when considering morales |
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Variables in Nelson |
IV - Age (3-4, 6-8) - variation of motive and outcome - mode of presentation ( verbal, motive implict and explicit)
DV - judgement on a 7 point scale |
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Design in Nelson |
Independent groups |
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Participants in Nelson |
60 nursery students from schools around Chicago Uni 3-4 and 6-8 y.o Parents gave consent 50% boys and 50% girls Mostly white and middle class |
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Results (mean ratings) in Nelson |
GG - 6.6 and 6.2 GB - 2.2 and 3.5 BG - 4.2 and 4.5 BB - 1.6 and 1.6 |
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Results (description) Nelson |
When motive-explicit, bad/good outcomes had greater effect 3-4 y.o, 50% rated badly with one mention of 'bad' 28% based on motive |
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Conclusion in Nelson |
Any negative cue led to negative judgement |
