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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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learning
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a relatively permanent change in behavior or the potential to make a response that occurs as a result of experience
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classical conditioning
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learning that occurs when 2 stimuli, conditioned and unconditioned are paired and become associated with each other
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neutral stimulus
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stimulus that, before conditioning, does not elicit a particular response
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unconditioned stimulus
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stimulus that automatically produces a response without any previous training
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conditioned stimulus
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neutral stimulus that acquires the ability to elicit a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
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unconditioned response
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reaction that is automatically produced when an unconditioned stimulus is presented
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conditioned response
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response elicited by a conditioned stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus; is similar to the unconditioned response
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spontaneous recovery
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reappearance of an extinguished CR after the passage of time
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generalization
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occurrence of responses to stimuli that are similar to a CS
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discrimination
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occurrence of responses only to a specific CS
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phobia
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irrational fear of an activity, object, or situation that is out of proportion to the actual danger posed
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learned motives
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motives that are learned or acquired usually through classical conditioning
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learned goals
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goals or incentives that are learned, usually through classical conditioning
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blocking
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situation in which the conditionability of a CS is weakened when it is paired with a UCS that has previously been paired with another CS
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taste-aversion learning
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development of a dislike or aversion to a flavor or food that has been paired with illness
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preparedness
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theory that organisms are biologically ready or prepared to associate certain CSs with certain UCSs
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operant conditioning
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learning that occurs when the participant must make a response to produce a change in the environment
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law of effect
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Thorndike's view that reinforcers promote learning, whereas punishers lead to the unlearning of responses
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reinforcer
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event or stimulus that increases the frequency of the response that it follows
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positive reinforcer
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event or stimulus presented after the target response that increases the likelihood that this response will occur again
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neg reinforcer
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event or stimulus removed after the target response, thereby increasing the likelihood that this response will occur again
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primary reinforcer
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stimulus that has innate reinforcing properties
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secondary reinforcer
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stimulus that acquires reinforcing properties by being associated with a primary reinforcer
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positive reinforcement
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increase in the frequency of a target behavior (response) that occurs when a behavior is followed by presentation of a positive reinforcer
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shaping
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a form of operant conditioning in which a desired response is taught by reinforcement of successive responses that more closely resemble the target response
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neg reinforcement
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increase in the freq of a target behavior (response) that occurs when a neg reinforcer is removed or terminated; escape conditioning and avoidance conditioning are examples
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extinction
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a gen term for the reduction and elimination of behaviors; in classical conditioning, extinction occurs when repeated presentation of the CS alone leads to a reduction in the strength of the CR; in operant conditioning, extinction occurs when a behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer
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discriminative stimulus
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stimulus or signal telling the participant that responding will be reinforced
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cumulative record
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results of a series of operant conditioning trials, shown as rate of responding
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schedule of reinforcement
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preset pattern for delivering reinforcement
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continuous reinforcement
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reinforcement that follows every target response
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intermittent reinforcement
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reinforcement that does not follow every target response
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ratio schedule
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reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is based on the number of responses; the number may be set or may vary from one reinforcement to the next
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interval schedule
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reinforcement schedule based on the passage of time and in which a single response at the end of the designated interval is reinforced; intervals may be set or may vary from one reinforcement to the next
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partial reinforcement effect
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phenomenon in which extinction of an operant response following partial or intermittent reinforcement takes longer than extinction following continuous reinforcement
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punisher
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stimulus that produces a decrease in responding; may take the form of presentation of a stimulus or termination of a stimulus
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punishment
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the process of using a punisher to decrease the response rate
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insight learning
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sudden grasp of a concept or the solution to a problem that results from perceptual restructuring; typically characterized by an immediate change in behavior
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latent learning
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learning that has occurred but is not demonstrated
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observational learning
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learning that occurs through watching and imitating the behaviors of others
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motivation
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physiological and psychological factors that account for the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior
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instincts
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unlearned species-specific behaviors that are more complex than reflexes and triggered by environmental events called releasing stimuli
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drive
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internal motivational state created by a physiological need
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drive-reduction theory
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theory that views motivated behavior as directed toward the reduction of a physiological need
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optimum-level theory
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theory that the body functions best at a specific level of arousal, which varies from one individual to another
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cognitive dissonance
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aversive state produced when an individual holds 2 incompatible thoughts or cognitions
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hierarchy of needs
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Maslow's view that basic needs must be satisfied before higher level needs can be satisfied
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self-actualization
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need to develop one's full potential the highest level of Maslow's hierarchy
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obesity
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body weight of 20% or more in excess of desirable body weight
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body mass index
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a numerical index calculated from a person's height and weight that is used to indicate health status and disease risk
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anorexia nervosa
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a potentially life-threatening eating disorder occurring primarily in adolescent and young adult females; an intense fear of becoming fat leads to self starvation and weight loss acoompanied by a strong belief that one is fat despite objective evidence to the contrary
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bulimia
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eating disorder in which a victim alternatively consumes large amounts of food and then empties the stomach usually by induced vomiting
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sexual orientation
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tendency for a person to be attracted to individuals of the same sex, the opposite sex, or both
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pheromones
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chemicals odors emitted by some animals that appear to influence the behavior of members of the same species
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achievement
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manipulation of the environment according to established rules to attain a desired goal
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emotion
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physiological changes and conscious feelings of pleasantness, aroused by external and internal stimuli, that lead to behavioral reactions
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James Lang theory
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theory that physiological changes precede and cause emotions
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commonsense view of emotions
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view that emotions precede and cause bodily changes
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Cannon-Bard theory
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theory that the thalamus relays info stimultaneously to the cortex and to the sympthetic nervous system, causing emotional feelings and physiological changes to occur at the same time
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polygraph
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an electronic device that senses and records changes in several physiological indices including blood pressure, heart rate, respiration, and galvanic skin response
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emotion
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physiological changes and conscious feelings of pleasantness or unpleasantness, aroused by external and internal stimuli, that lead to behavioral reactions
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facial feedback hypothesis
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hypothesis that making a certain facial expression will produce the corresponding emotion
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display rules
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culturally specific rules for which emotions to display, to whom, and when
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nonverbal communication
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communication that involves movements, gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, use of personal space, and touching
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paralanguage
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communication that involves aspects of speech such as rate of talking and tone of voice, but not the words used
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memory
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systems or process by which the products or results of learning are stored for future use
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nonsense syllables
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stimuli used to study memory; typically composed of a consonant-vowel-consonant sequence
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serial learning
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learning procedure in which material that has been learned must be repeated in the order in which it was presented; also known as ordered recall
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paired-associate learning
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learning procedure in which items to be recalled are learned in pairs during the recall, one member of the pair is presented and the other is to be recalled
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free recall
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learning procedure in which material that has been learned may be repeated in any order
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serial position effect
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tendency for items at the beginning and end of a list to be learned better than items in the middle
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recognition test
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test in which retention is measured by the ability to pick out previously learned items from a list that also contains unfamiliar items
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relearning test
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test of retention that compares the time or trials required to learn material a second time with the time or trials required to learn material the first time
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savings score
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diff between the time or trials originally required to learn material and the time or trials required to relearn the material; also known as relearning score
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encoding
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first stage of the memory process; in it info is transformed or coded (a transduction process) into a form that can be processed further and stored
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storage
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second stage of the memory process; in it info is placed in the memory system. This stage may involve either brief or long term storage of memories
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retrieval
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third stage of the memory process; in it stored memories are brought into consciousness
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eidetic imagery
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a form of memory, often called photographic memory, which consists of especially vivid visual recollections of material
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sensory memory
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very brief but extensive memory for sensory events
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short term memory
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memory stage in which info is held in consciousness for 10 to 20 secs
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working memory
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second stage of short-term memory; in it attention and conscious effort are brought to bear on material
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long term memory
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memory stage that has a very large capacity and the capability to store info relatively permanently
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maintenance rehearsal
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rehearsal used when we want to save or maintain a memory for a specified period of time
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elaborative rehearsal
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rehearsal in which meaning is added to the material to be remembered
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proactive interference
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situation in which previously learned info hinders the recall of info learned more recently
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retroactive interference
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situation in which info learned more recently hinders the recall of info learned previously
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levels of processing model
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theory stating that deeper processing of info increases the likelihood that the info will be recalled
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procedural memory
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memory for making responses and performing skilled actions
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semantic memory
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memory for general knowledge
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tip of the tongue phenomenon
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condition of being almost but not quite able to remember something; used to investigate the nature of semantic memory
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episodic memory
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memory of one's personal experiences
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flashbulb memory
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very detailed memory of an arousing surprising or emotional situation
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priming or implicit memory
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unconscious memory processing in which prior exposure to stimulus items may aid subsequent learning
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semantic network
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network of related concepts that are linked together
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schema
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grouping or cluster of knowledge about an object or sequence of events
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encoding specifically
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theory stating that the effectiveness of memory retrieval is directly related to the similarity of the cues present when the memory was encoded and when the memory is retrieved
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state dependent learning
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theory stating that when we learn something while a specific physiological state, our recall of that info will be better when we are in the same physiological state
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mnemonic devices
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procedures for associating new info with previously stored memories
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method of loci
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use of familiar locations as cues to recall items that have been associated with them
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pegword technique
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use of familiar words or names as cues for recall items that have been associated with them
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acronym
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a word formed by the initial letter of the items to be remembered
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acrostic
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a verse or saying in which the first letter of each word stands for a bit of info
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amnesia
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loss of memory that occurs as a result of physical or psychological trauma
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anterograde amnesia
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inability to store new memories after a traumatic event
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retrograde amnesia
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los of memories that were stored before a traumatic event
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consolidation hypothesis
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hypothesis that memories must be consolidated or set before they can be stored
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