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240 Cards in this Set
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personality
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a distinctive pattern of beh, thoughts, motives and emotions that are consistent in an individual over time
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traits
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long term disposition to beh in paticular ways in a variety of situations
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Cattel's Theory of personality
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dev. 16 patterality factors
ie: reserved-outgoing, relaxed-tense, trusting-suspicious |
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McRae and Costa
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Big Five: OCEAN
Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeablene Neuroticism |
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psychodynamic theory
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focus on influences of early childhood
sex and agressive urges |
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id
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impulses dominated by pleasure and avoid pain
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ego
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voice of reason
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superego
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moral component of personality: ridid standards
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defense mechanisms
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responses to anxiety which is caused by internal conflicts: attempt to reduce distress and anxiety
Displacement, rationalization and denial |
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oedipus complex
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like mom: fear dad b/c dad castrates boy = grow up to be like dad
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alder: individual psychology
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stresses motivation for superiority
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inferiority complex
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everyone must overcome feelings of weakness incomparsion to competent adults
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compensation
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efforts made ot dev one's own abilities in responose to inferiorities
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overcompensation
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attempt to "conceal" one's own feelings of inferiority
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reciporcal determinism
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reinforcement history and cognative influences beh.
see what we expect place ourselves in places which will confirm our beliefs |
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self-efficacy
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belief you can set our to accomplish goals from 4 sources:
1. mastry new skills 2. successful and competent roll models 3. positive feedback and encouragement 4. awareness of feelings/manage responses |
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internal locus of control
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peol responsible to what happens to them
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external locus of control
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people's causes are controlled by luck, fate or other people
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humanistic perspective
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focus on inner-excriences on personality and dev
freedom and opttimistic view of human nature |
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maslow's hierarchy of needs
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goal of humans is to e self-actulized: internal drive toward personal growth
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Carl Rogers
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accepts self-actualized tendency: explores individuals who do and dont fx well
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lower
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getting reinforcement from others
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upper
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self-confiences
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congruence
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sense of self and person are consistent it allows to fx
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incongruence
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sense of self/person conflict`
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unconditional positive regard
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attempt to resolve conflict: accept one may have acted badly and still be a good person
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personality "types"
Sheldon |
body types linked w/personality charactistics
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endomorph
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round, soft (santa) = tolerant, calm, need affection
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mesomorph
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muscular, upright = adventerous, less emotional
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ectomorph
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thin, delectic =
shy, self-conscious |
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peer relations
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area for exerciting indep. from adult controll
help translate and establish trends and beh codes provide emotional support |
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asynchrony
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certain body parts grow at diff speeds, leading to lack of proportion
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early maturing males
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positive self concepts
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early maturing females
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greater depress, anxiety and eating dissorders
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current trends
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less dating, more group hang outs
girls getting period eariler and eariler |
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elkind
adolescent egocentricism |
way of thinking the work is focued on themselves
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imaginary audience
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belief that everyone in environment is concerned w/beh of him/her
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personal fable
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view himself as somehow unique/heroic (you will be a rock star, not them0
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conflicts
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w/rents mostly occurs w/chores and dress style, not sex/drugs
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storm and stress
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today's adolscences more similar to rents
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invincibility
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false sense that he/she cannot be harmed
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fx of peers in adolescence
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role models
code/culture group belonging encourage socially and beh |
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dev theories as stage theories
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individuals must progess through stages in a particular order. what you can do in 1, is different that what you can do in another
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assimilation
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how to fit new info into present system of knowledge
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accomodation
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existing structures dont fit so child must dev. new shemas
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sensorimotor
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birth-2yr
learn through concrete motor actions |
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preoperational
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2-7 yrs
action oriented |
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flaws of preoperational thinking:
centration |
focus on one aspect of problem and neglact others
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irreversibility
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inability to reverse sitch
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egocentricism
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thinking characterized by a limited ability to share another's point of view
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Concrete Operations
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7-11 yrs
begin to see cause and effect |
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formal operations
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12+yrs
begin to see abstract reasoning |
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theory of lifespan dev
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believes each stage involves psychosocial crisis. personality is determined by these stages
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heteronomous morality
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4-7yrs
either right or wrong |
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autonomous morality
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7+ yrs
one is subject to his/hers own laws |
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lifespan issues in dev
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more productive lifespans= more career shifts
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fluid intelligence
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basic info processing skills: memory and speed
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crystallized intelligence
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application of knowledge
=stable w/age |
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ways to promote healthy aging
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-better health beh
-vitamins -stay active physicall and psych -positive attitude -find faith -less sun exposure -less smoking/drinking -volunteer |
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stress
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any circustance that threatens
psyiological and psychological componets |
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frusteration
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persuit of a good is pervented
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conflict
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two positives competeing and incompattible goals occur
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approach-approach conflicts
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a choice must be made btw two desired goals = least stress
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avoidance-avoidance conflicts
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choice must be made btw two unattractive goals
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approach-avoidance conflicts
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choich must be made about to achieve a goal which has both pos and neg attrubites
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change
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any notable diff in one's life which requires adaption both pos and neg life change can be stessful
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Holmes and Rahe social readjustment scale
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measures great changes and give them a rating of how much stress it can cause: death of spose is 1
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pressure
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expectation on beh in particular way
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alarm
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body releases hormones, sympathic nervous system activated
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resistance
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body in "high alert"
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exhaustion
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greater psych vunerability to stress
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"daily hassles"
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sum of total daily activities you does each day = great stress
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coping
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stradegy used to buffer against stress
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displaced agression
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harmful acts to one who is not actually the true object of hostitility (dad kicking dog)
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catharsis
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release of emotional tension
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self-indulgence
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compensate for deprived feelings by trying to promote a feeling of satisfaction in another area (eating)
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constructive coping strategies
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healthy efforts to deal w/stress making more resistant stressor
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optimism
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positive outlook = handle stress better
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social supports
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presence of social support proovides adaptive coping from pressure
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sense of self-efficacy
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took to respond to strssors and feelings of being stressed
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Type A personalities
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competive, impatient and more prone to agression
2x greater risk of disease |
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Type B personalities
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more relaxed, easy going and less quick to anger
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stress reducers
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therapeutic interventions
exercise pets and plants |
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post-traumatic stress disorder
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caused from major tramatic event =
less trust less future oriented emotionally numb |
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child abuse
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non-accidental physical attack on a child by indiv. caring for them
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child neglect
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absence of adequate social emotional and physical care
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cycle of violence
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findings that those who are abused are at a great risk of abusing
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mental disorder
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any beh state that causes distress or suffering
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legal standards
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wheather or not a person is in control of beh and aware of the consequences of actions
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DSM-IV TR
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standard book for all disorders; provides descriptions and criteria for diagnosis
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Autism
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sever impairment with social interactions and communication
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Asperger's Syndrome
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significant social impairment
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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; adhd
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inattation, impulsity, hyperactivity; genetic, males, cure is ritilin
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Conduct Disorder
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violate social norm, crulty to animals, precursor to sociopath
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Tourette's Syndrome
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mult. motor and 1+ ticks, onset before age 18
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Generalized anxiety disorder
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constant feeling of anxiety and worry, restlessness, diff. concentrating, sleep distrubence
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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
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anxiety from particular events, reliving events in dreams, increased phiosogical arousal
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panic disorder
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reoccuring attacks of intense fear/panic, trembling, shaking, dizzy, chest pain, sweaty, hot/cold flash...etc
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social phobias
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fear of sitch where other people will observe them
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Agoraphobia
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fear of being alone in public places, where chance of helplessness = dont leave home
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Brontophobia
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fear of thunder and lightning
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Arochebityrophobia
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Fear of peanut butter sticking to roof of mouth
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Sesquepedalophobia:
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fear of long words
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obession
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a recurrent, persistent and unwished for thought
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compulsion
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repetive retualized beh in wich people feel a lack of control
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depression
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sadness, inactivity and feeling of helplessness, genetic
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mania
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increased energy, great plans, faulty thinking, impulsive beh, outbursts of anger
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bi-polar
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cycle through depression and mania, take Lithiemum, problems with compliance
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personality disorders
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rigid, maladaptive traits, that cause great distress or lead to an inability to get along w/others
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Paranoid Personality disorder
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suspecious, paranoid, argumenative, looking out for trickery, blame others
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schizoid personality disorder
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have very few friends, indifferent to praise or critism, show no warmth
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sociopathic personality disorder
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like to break rules, gladly take advantage of people, intelligent, lacks remorse, appear friendly
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schizotypal personality disorder
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big beh patterns, usues unusual words
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borderline personality disorder
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stable patterns of unstable relationship, splitting: good/bad, quick to anger, impulsity
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histrionic personality disorder
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overly dramic, everything is a trama, seductive, dependent on others
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Narcissistic personality disorder
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sense of privlidge, feels special, exprects favors from others
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compulsive personality disorder
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perfectionist, preoccupied w/details, rules are essential, particular, serious and formal, work gives pleasure
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passive-aggressive personality disorder
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individuality expressing anger by "forgetting" or being stubborn. Procrastionation, can't admit to anger, habitually late
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Schizophrenia
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condition involving distorted perception of reality and an inability to function in most aspects of life. 17-25 years old, genetic
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Positive symptoms
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hallucenations, hightened sensory awareness, disorganizing speech and beh
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negative symptoms
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poveryt of speech, emotional flatness, loss of motivation, social withdrawl, impaired attention
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dissociative disorders
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beh and identity split off development b/c tramatic event
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amnesia
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cannot remember personal info
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fugue state
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no concept of slef, can take on a whole new idenity
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dissociative identity disorder (mult. personality disorder)
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appearence of 2+ identities within one person
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dev psych
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universal aspects of lifespan dev. from conception through death
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cephalocaudal
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head to feet
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proximodistal
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center moving outward
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germinal phase
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conception
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embryonic stage
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head, neck and face; buds for limbs form and grow; major organs and digestive system differentiate; heartbeat beings
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fetal stage
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see notes
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teratogens
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harmful toxins that affect dev resulting in defect, damage or anomoly
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drugs or chemicals
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thalidomide: for moring sickness (missing limbs)
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stress
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prolong stress linked w/prematurity and low bw
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smoking
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increased fetal activity; low bw; increased chance of sids
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pot
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low bw; distribed sleep in newborns
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heroin
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premature; low bw; tremulous behavior; poor sleep; poor sucking and feeding; risk of sids
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cocaine
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"crack baby"; premature size/weight; high pitched crying; respitory problems; withdrawn symptoms
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comorbidity
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abuse of mult. substances likely
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alcohol
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leading teratogen in us; most common cause of retardation
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fetal alcohol syndrome
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microcephaly; brain and heart damage; slow growth; head and face abnormabilities
poor impulse control; poor attention; overactivity |
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infant vision
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intact, fx, focus 7-9 inches, preference for human faces
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hearing
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fetus can hear sounds around 6 months, recognizes mom's voice
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taste and smell
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prefer sweets
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touch
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heat, cold, pressure and pain present at birth
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reflexes
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inbor, auto response to particular form of stimulation
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rooting reflex
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survival value, stroke cheek and baby will turn head toward stimulation
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stepping reflex
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basis for complex motor skills, w/bare feet touching floor, infants mimic a stepping response; disappears around 2 months
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sucking reflex
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place a finger in mouth and baby will suck, permits feeding
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eyeblink reflex
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shine a light and baby will blink; protects for strong stimulation
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babinski reflex
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run finger along foot and baby curls toes. if doesn't=nerological problems
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extra credit
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moro reflex: startle reflex
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gross and fine motor dev
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individual differences exist, normative expectations for these skill and abilities often called milestones (see notes)
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gender differences
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boys ahead of girls in force and power; girls ahead in fine motor and gross motor skills which involve good balance
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temperament
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relatively constnt basic disposition which is inherent in a person that underlies and modulates his beh
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thomas and chess
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3 basic temperaments for infants: difficult, slow to warm, and easy
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difficult
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10%; often wails and are negative in new sitcuation; eat and sleep irr
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slow to warm
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15%; often inactive; adapt slowly and can be withdrawn and show neg mood
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east
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40% cheerful, adaptable and easily established routines
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goodness of fit
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match between the characteristics of infant and his family is critical to development; some are better matches than others
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key w/temperament
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interaction between genetics and environment
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attachment
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affectional bond between an infant and caretaker
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separation anxiety
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emotional upset when mom leaves
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initial attachment
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can occur simulataniously w/mom and someone else; # of child attachment can increase rapidly
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stranger anxiety
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6-7 months - 18 months; if stranger approaches infant becomes upset and afraid
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Ainsworth attachment patterns
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SARD
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Securely attached
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60%; child use rents as safe base to explore; absent = child may not cry, but shows reaction; reunion = child seeks contact
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Avoidant attachment
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20%; unresponsive to rent when present; no distress when rent leaves; react to stranger is similar as to rent; slow to greet rent
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Resistant attachment
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10-15%; seeks closeness w/rent; fail to explore; reunion = display of anger and resistant behaviore cannot be comforted
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disorganized attachment
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5%; greatest amount of insurity; in reunion = show disorganized, confused beh; seem confused, glaed and spacy; mom are more avoidant and inconsistent w/lack of sensituality to infant's needs
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Baumrind's parenting styles; authoritarian
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strong, controlling rents; demand obedience; forceful. kids do pporly sociely and academically; low self esteem
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permissive
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murturant w/little control; few demands and limits. kids are often immature and irresponsiblt and acadomacually unmotivated
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authoritative
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set high, but responable expectations; teach how to set, but reach goals; gives emotional support, promote communication. kids become independent, good slef control and self esteem. do better in school
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harmonious
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believe should be no power disadvantage in families; gives and equal say, emphasize humanitarian goals over achievement; effects less clear, but better for females
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psychotropic meds
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alters bio chem of brain
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for adhd:
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ritalin
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for anxiety
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paxil/xanax
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for depression
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prozac, zoloft, clexa
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for bipolar
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bithium
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psychosurery
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lesion problematic areas of brain to eliminate disruptive beh
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electroconvolsive theorpy (ECT)
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shock therapy; beneficial to those w/severs depressions which are not responsive to neds/therapy; can lead to memory loss; unsure how it works
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psychonanlysis
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based on freudian principles, believing in impact of early childhood years
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use free association
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saying what ever comes to mind
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transference
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dev relationship w/therapist based on other people in one's life; goal to uncover ucs conflicts to lower stress caused by guilt
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psycitodynamics therapies
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lookds at unconsis conflicts; defense mechanisms and symptoms resulting in a broader manner than freud; less free association
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systematic desensitization
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step by step precess of eimination frears. uses counter conditioning pair relaxation thechniques w/feared sitch
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aversion therapy
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substitutes punishment for reinforcements of bad habit; antabuse for alcoholics, shock for pedaphiles
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flooding
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immersion into the feared sitch as an intervention to lower fear
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humanistic therapies
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belief that people come to you and need to be self-altualized UC acceptance. help build self esteem and feelings of acceptance: unconditional love
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cognitive therapies
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help identify beliefs and expectations which maintain problems and conflicts. challentes distortions in thinking
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family/couple therapy
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focus on dynamics in family as a system w/different rules, roles and motivation
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treat each person...
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as integral to raise system
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change one part of the system..
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and the whole system needs to adapt
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group therapy
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people w/similar or diffrent problems come together to provide support and strategies
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psychotherapy outcome research
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various therapies see similar success rates through though this is challenged statistically
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also..
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diff beliefs that some therapies do better for some disorders
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bonus point
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Mr. Williams = experimenter
Mr. Wallace = confederate subject |
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social psych
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examines the influence of social processes on the way people think, feel and behave.
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attitudes
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a positive or negative evaluative reaction toward a person, object or concept
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Attitude Strength:
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the durability or impact of an attitude
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Durability
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: if it lasts over time
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impact
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if it impacts behavior or thoughts
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Initial Impressions
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initial perceptions make a difference; and have shown strong effects
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Asch’s study
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found that a person presented with positive traits first was found to be more sociable and happier
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social influence
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the presence of others energizes performance (Triplett)
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social norms
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shared expectations about thoughts, feelings and behavior; can vary by time and place; culturally sensitive
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social role
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a set of norms which characterize how people in specific social positions should behave
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role conflict
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norms accompanying different roles may clash
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conformaty
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the adjustment of people’s behavior, attitudes and beliefs to a group.
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informational social influence
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follow the opinions of those we believe have accurate knowledge and believe they are doing right
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normative social influence
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conform to obtain rewards that come from being accepted by other people while trying to avoid rejection
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sitch influence on beh
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see others engaging in a behavior, likely to be influenced by it.
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Presence of a dissenter:
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when someone else dissents he/she serves as a model and it significantly reduces conformity
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LaPiere Study
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Attitudes do not necessarily determine or predict our behavior
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attitude and beh influence
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Attitudes influence behavior more strongly when the counteracting situational factors are weak;Attitudes have a greater influence over our behaviors when we are aware of them and when they are strongly held
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persuation
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the deliberate effort to change or impact one’s attitude
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Norm of reciprocity:
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the golden rule; to get you to comply with a request you are given an unsolicited favor or gift
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Door in the face technique:
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persuader makes a large request expecting you to reject and then makes a smaller request believing you will be more likely to comply
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Foot in the Door:
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a persuader gets you to comply with a small request and then presents a larger request thinking you will now be more likely to comply
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Low-balling:
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the persuader gets you to commit to an action then before you perform it the “cost increases”
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Obedience:
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a form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority
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Milgram’s results: Variables which influenced obedience
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Remoteness of the victim
Closeness and legitimacy of authority figure Cog in the wheel Personal characteristics: differences were weak or nonexistent Cultural differences: similar results cross culturally |
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Altruism
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helping beh
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Diffusion of responsibility:
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when other’s are present the responsibility to help is divided among those present
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bystander effect
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people are less likely to provide help when in groups
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who are most willing to help?
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People who are more similar to us
Women are more likely to be helped than men Perceived responsibility: more likely to help those who we view as “true victims” |
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Proximity
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: being near increases likelihood; availability increases attraction
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Matching Hypothesis:
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people tend to opt for those at their same level of attractiveness
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Passionate Love:
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intensely emotional and physical
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Companionate Love:
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deep affection, share emotional intimacy and friendship
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Intimacy
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Intimacy: sense of closeness and sharing
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Passion
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emotional and physical
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commitment
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efforts to maintain the relationship with difficulties and costs
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prejustice
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negative attitudes towards people based on membership in a group
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sterotypes
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characteristics we attribute to people based on their membership in a group
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discrimination
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treat people differently and unfairly based on group affiliation
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Self-serving bias:
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We attribute our successes to personal factors and our failures to situational forces. We do the opposite for others: assume others’ failures are due to personal factors. This bias increases prejudice
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Group Membership:
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We categorize ourselves as “in group” or “out group” and view our members in more favorable terms
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Homogeneity Bias:
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believe those in the “out group” are all the same, although we see the diversity within our own group
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reduce group conflict...
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Working on a common task or goal (superordinate goal) is an effective way to reduce in/out group conflict
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