Psych Test #3

Front 1

associative learning

Back 1

-understanding that 2 events are linked to one another (ie. hear scary music, know that something scary is going to happen)
-occurs through the process of conditioning

Front 2

habituation

Back 2

-the process of adapting to stimuli that do not change
-with repetitive stimuli, our responsiveness over time decreases
-will stop paying attention to stimuli that are repreated and don't signal important environmental events

Front 3

classical conditioning

Back 3

-a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits a reflex until the neutral stimulus along comes to elicit a response
-survival mechanism (ie. eat poisenous food and get sick, next time you taste the food you don't eat it)

Front 4

Pavlov's experiment

Back 4

-noticed that dogs salivate even when food is not present
-associated meat powder on the tongue and the sound of a bell (eventually, the bell alone caused salivation)

Front 5

natural reflex

Back 5

a swift, automatic response to a stimulus

Front 6

neutral stimulus

Back 6

-one that initially does not elicit the studied reflex, but will elicit other responses (ie. at the sound of a bell, the dog will orientate towards it)

Front 7

unconditioned stimulus

Back 7

-the stimulus that causes the natural reflex (meat powder)

Front 8

unconditioned response

Back 8

-the natural reflex (salivation)

Front 9

conditioned stimulus

Back 9

-the neutral stimulus that is paired with the unconditioned stimulus (bell)

Front 10

conditioned response

Back 10

-the learned response to the conditioned stimulus (salivation)

Front 11

aquisition

Back 11

-the phase in classical conditioning in which one begins to associate a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned response, resulting in the neutral stimulus eliciting a conditioned response

Front 12

factors associated with acquistion

Back 12

-timing (works best with CS precedes UCS
-predictability (CS always signals UCS)
-stimuli strenght (CR will be greater if the UCS is strong)
-attention (have multiple stimuli in real world, the stimuli you were attending most closely is the one more strongly associated with UCS)
-biopreparedness (the affinity for certain events to be linked ie. nausea and food, pain and noise)

Front 13

extinction

Back 13

-repeated presentation of the CS without the UCS results in not associating CS with UCS

Front 14

spontaneous recovery

Back 14

-the reappearance of the CR after extinction, and without further pairings of the CS and UCS

Front 15

reconditioning

Back 15

-the quick relearning of a CR following extinction

Front 16

generalization

Back 16

-stimulus generalization occurs when a stimulus similar but not identical to the original stimulus also elicits a response (adaptive function for daily life, don't have to learn to associate each seperate stimulus)

Front 17

discrimination

Back 17

-stimulus discrimination is a process by which individuals learn to differentiate between stimuli that are similar but not identical (being afraid of lions but not housecats)

Front 18

operant conditioning

Back 18

-learning the consequences of behavior
-people learn associates between the say they act and the stimuli that follows them

Front 19

Thorndike Law of Effect

Back 19

-any response that produces a satisfying effect gradually becomes stronger, any response that does not produce a satisfying response becomes weaker
-instumental conditioning: responses are strengthened when they are instumental in producing rewards

Front 20

BF Skinner

Back 20

-extended Thorndikes theories
-an organism learns a response by acting on the environment
-wanting to analyze how behavior is changed by its consequences (skinner box)

Front 21

basic components of operant conditioning

Back 21

-operant (a response that has some effect on the world)
- reinforcer (increases the probability that an operant behavior will occur again)

Front 22

positive reinforcers

Back 22

-strenghten a response if they are experienced after that response has occured (reward)
-can be tangible or not (food/money vs. attention/praise)

Front 23

negative reinforcers

Back 23

-strenthen the probability that a response will occur if removed after that response (the removal of unpleasant stimuli such as pain, noise etc)
-ie. aspirin is followed by removal of pain

Front 24

primary reinforcers

Back 24

-fulfills biological need (ie food)

Front 25

conditioned reinforcers

Back 25

-secondary reinforcers
-learned (money, good grades)

Front 26

immediate reinforcers

Back 26

-more powerful
-smoking, alcohol, drugs

Front 27

delayed reinforcers

Back 27

-for humans, can be just as powerful
-paycheck at end of week

Front 28

Premack principle

Back 28

-high frequency behaviors can be used as reinforcers for low frequency behaviors
-ie. if you eat your peas, you can have some ice cream

Front 29

continuous reinforcement

Back 29

-every correct response received a reward (every time you raise your hand you get money)
-learning is fast
-once reinforcement stops, extinction is very fast

Front 30

parial reinforcement: fixed ratio

Back 30

-provide a reward after a fixed number of responses (every third time you raise your hand you get money)
- produces relatively high rate of responding, usually with a brief pause following the reinforcement
-can lead to fatigue and low quality

Front 31

Parial reinforcement: variable ratio

Back 31

-give a reward after a given number of responses, but that number varies from one reinforcement to the next
-unpredictable, similar to gambling
-high rate of response
-this behavior is hardest to extinguish

Front 32

parial reinforcement: fixed interval

Back 32

-reward the first response displayed after a fixed amount of time (give money every 5 min. if hand is raised)
-results in higher frequency of behavior as time approaches, and low rate of responding after reinforcement

Front 33

partial reinforcement: variable interval

Back 33

-reward first response displayed after a period of time, but the amount of time varies
-produces slow, steady responding
-ie. pop quizzes

Front 34

punishment

Back 34

-prevents an aversive stimulus or removs a pleasant stimulus to decrease the frequency of a behavior
-ie. come home after curfew, therefore can go to the dance

Front 35

disadvantages of punishment

Back 35

-doesn't eliminate unwanted behavior (just suppresses it)
-not effective unless it immedieately follows the behavior
-can becomes aggressive and abusive
-doesn't provide alternate behavior