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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is biological rhythm?
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any repeating cycle of biological activity
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what is a hypnic jerk?
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a reflex muscle contraction during sleep
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what is EEG?
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it amplifies and records activity in the brain
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what are the first 4 stages of sleep called?
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NREM sleep
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what is stage 1 of sleep?
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small irregular brain movements in light sleep
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what is stage 2 of sleep?
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deeper sleep and spindles(bursts of distinctive brain-waves) appear
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what is stage 3 of sleep?
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deeper sleep and delta waves(large and slow) appear
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what is stage 4 sleep?
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deepest level of normal sleep and almost purely delta waves
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what is REM sleep?
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light, dreams, fast and irregular EEG patterns
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what is NREM sleep?
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occurs during stages 1-4
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what is insomina?
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trouble getting or staying asleep
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what is somnambulism?
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sleep walking and it occurs in stages 3 and 4
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what is sleep talking?
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occurs in NREM sleep?
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what is a nightmare?
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occurs in REM sleep
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what is a night terror?
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occur in stage 4
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what is narcolepsy?
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sudden sleep attacks triggered by emotional excitement
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what is sleep apnea?
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repeated interrupted breathing during sleep caused by loud snoring
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what is REM behavior disorder?
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lack of muscle paralysis during REM sleep
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what is Freud's Psychodynamic?
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emphasizes internal conflicts, motives and unconscious forces wish fulfillment-belief that many dreams are unconscious desires
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what is activation-synthesis hypothesis?
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dream content that may be affected by motor commands in the drain during sleep that arent carried out
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what is drug tolerance?
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reduction in the body's response to a drug
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what are withdrawal symptoms?
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physical illness after withdrawal of a drug
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what is physical dependence?
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addiction based on drug tolerance and withdrawal symptoms
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what is psychological dependence?
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drug dependence based on psychological and emotional needs
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what is the most frequently used drug in the US?
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caffenine
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what is learning?
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relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience
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what is classical conditioning?
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an automatic and unlearned response
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what is operant conditioning?
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learning based on the consequenses of responding
ex-skinner box |
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what is reinforcement?
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most effective when given immediately after a correct response and is inversely related to time elapsed after the correct response occurs
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what is punishment?
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any event that follows a response and decreases the likelihood of it recurring
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who is ian pavlov?
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a russian psychologist who initally studied digestion and used dogs to study salvation when dogs are presented with meat powder
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what is positive reinforcement?
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when a response is followed with a reward or other positive event
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what is negative reinforcement?
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when a response is followed by the removal unpleasant event
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what is a fixed ratio?
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a set number of correct responses must be made to obtain a reinforcer
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what is a variable ratio?
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varied number of correct responses must be made to get a reinforcer
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what is fixed interval?
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the first correct response made after a certain amount of time had elapsed is reinforced
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what is variable interval?
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reinforcement is given for the first correct response made after a varied amount of time
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what is sensory memory?
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stores an exact copy of incoming info for a few seconds in the first stage of memory
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what is long-term memory?
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stores info relatively permantly and stored on the basis of meaning importance
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what is short-term memory?
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holds small amounts of info briefly in consuiouness
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what is a STM chunk?
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bits of info that are grouped together into larger chunks
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what is procedural memory?
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long term memories of conditioned responses and learned skills
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what is declarative memory?
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part of ltm that contains factual info
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what is semantic memory?
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impersonal facts and everyday knowledge and subset of declarative memory
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what is episodic memory?
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personal experiences linked with specific times and events
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what is memory recall?
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to supply or reproduce memorized info with a minimum of external cues
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what is memory recogintion?
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the ability to correctly identify previously learned material
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what is memory relearning?
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learning something again that you have already learned
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what are eplicit memories?
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past expereinces that are consioucly brought to mind
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what are implicit memories?
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a memory not know to exsist
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what is the Ebbinghaus graph?
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a graph that shows amount of info remembered after varying lengths of time
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what is memory decay?
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when memory traces become weaker
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what are memory cues?
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any stimulus related with memory
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what is state-dependent learning?
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when memory retrival is influneced by body state
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what is retrograde amnesia?
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forgetting events that occured before the injury
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what is anterograde amnesia?
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forgetting events that follow the injury
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what is retroactive interference?
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tendency for new memories to interfere with the revival of old memories
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what is proactive interference?
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old memories inhibit recall of new memories
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what are mental images?
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mental pictures of objects and events
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what is recitation?
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reviewing what you learned aloud
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