Psych Test 2

Front 1

learning

Back 1

durable change in behavior or knowledge due to experience

Front 2

memory

Back 2

means by which past experience is drawn on to guide or direct behavior or thoughts in the present; conscious effort recall of things

Front 3

Classical (Pavlonian) Conditioning (involuntary responses):
- who?
- describe this learning?

Back 3

- Ivan Pavlov, Russian digestive physiologist
- organism learns a predicative relationship btwn 2 external stimuli; presentation of 1st specific stimulus predicts (almost guarantees) presentation of 2nd specific stimulus

Front 4

acquisition
- define?
- part of what kind of learning?

Back 4

- initial learning of predictive relationship btwn stimuli
- part of Pavlonian conditioning

Front 5

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
- define?
- Pavlov's example

Back 5

- stimulus which already has meaning to an organism and generates a response on its own (UCR- unconditioned response)
- dog salivates (UCR) AFTER food is presented

Front 6

conditioned stimulus (CS)
- define?
- Pavlov's example

Back 6

- as organism acquires predictive relationship, CS will ellicit CR from organism in preparation of the UCS BEFORE the UCS is presented
- a bell (CS) rung before food arrived....bell's ringing reliably predicts food.....sound of bell cause dog to salivate (CR) BEFORE food available

Front 7

extinction
- define
- Pavlov's example

Back 7

- after acquisition, if CS is presented alone a lot without UCS following, the CR will eventually stop happening
-

Front 8

spontaneous recovery
- describe
- Pavlov's example

Back 8

- extinction is not erasure or forgetting
- bouts of CS w/o UCS => organism perform CR with less vigor/effort
- might need many times of CS-alone training before spontaneous recovery completely ceases (extinction>acquisition)
- after 1st day extinction training, each day when bell presented alone illicits small salivation til salivation stops

Front 9

stimulus generalization
-defn
- Pavlov example

Back 9

- stimuli w/ sensory qualities like CS elicits CR by mistake
- dog mistakes someone's keys jingling for the bell => salivation

Front 10

stimulus discrimination

Back 10

- person w/ keys walks by often => dog learns to salivate to bell and not keys
- becomes difficult when another second bell is introduced-- dog has difficulty learning the difference compared to keys but eventually generalization to the 2nd bell (evidenced by salivation to different bell) decreases and dog can discriminate between the 2 bell sounds

Front 11

higher order conditioning
- describe
- Pavlov example

Back 11

- series of CR to succession of stimuli can be chained together
- previously learned CS becomes so well trained that it becomes a new UCS to a new stimulus that predicts its occurance
- image of beach ball projected onto wall before bell is rung => image predicts bell which predicts food => bell becomes UCS for image which acts as new higher order
- image now generates salivation as a new higher order CR

Front 12

Operant (Skinnerian) Conditioning (voluntary responses)

Back 12

- consequences of a behavior come to guide and control occurance of that behavior
- organism "happens" to the world

Front 13

reinforcement

Back 13

- increases likelihood of a response
- use of terms positive reinforcement/negative reinforcement differ in nature of stimulus as reinforcer but both INCREASE occurance of behavior
ex) parent want child to clean room more so parent gives kid unexpected money when cleaning room => consequences are expected to INCREASE room-cleaning behavior
ex) parent spanks child, says "Gonna get another one if dont start cleaning room" (neg. reinf.) =.aversive stimulus applied then terminated when behavior INCREASES

Front 14

punishment

Back 14

- when stimulus applied to DECREASE occurence of behavior (parent threaten bad child)
- all forms of punishment do not involve applying aversive stimulus (ex. reward omission)
- goal: decrease occurrence of unwanted behavior

Front 15

reward omission

Back 15

- expected appetitive stimulus is removed/withheld
ex) parent take away cherished toy as consequence for child using swear words
- goal: decrease occurrence of unwanted behavior

Front 16

neurotransmitter receptors

Back 16

- ALL receptors have TWO separate binding sites for the transmitter (signal molecule)
- 2 molecules of the transmitter must attach to receptor binding sites SIMULTANEOUSLY to activate receptor

Front 17

ligand-gated ion channels (ionotropic)

Back 17

- distance relatives of voltage-dependent ion channels found on axon
- receptor binding sites act as mechanism for detecting presence of transmitter
- tubes that are closed until activated
- entrance of ions cause EPSPs and IPSPs
- caled ionotropic since allow ions to pass into the neurons

Front 18

G-protein linked (metabotropic)

Back 18

- metabotropic since do not directly cause electrical response, but cause biocmincal changes within neuron which may change neuron's metabolism
- DOES NOT have a pore as part of receptor
- when receptor activates,Gprotein becomes activated, travels membrane and changes activity of distant ion channels or membrane-bound enzymes => releases second messengers

Front 19

second messengers

Back 19

- can go from dendrite to as far as nucleus
- activate other enzymes or trigger manufacture of cellular proteins

Front 20

ionotropic

Back 20

- cause EPSPs or IPSPs, the electrical signals which directly determine if an action potential will occur
- like a telegraph key sending a message

Front 21

metabotropic

Back 21

- change neuron's metabolic state
- make cell more/less sensitive to EPSPs/IPSPs making it indirectly easier/harder to trigger action potential
- like volume controls, making the message louder or fainter

Front 22

amino acids
- glutamate and GABA

Back 22

along with serotin, are most widely used and important transmitters

Front 23

glutamate (excitatory)

Back 23

- most common nerotransmitter
- primary excitatory transmitter in brain
- from diet or synthesized as byproduct of Krebs
- sensory processing, learning, memory

Front 24

GABA (inhibitory)

Back 24

- gamma aminobutyric acid
- primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain
- sythesized from glutamate
- quiets nerve cells
- learning, memory, sensory processing, sleep/waking, relief from anxiety

Front 25

peptides

Back 25

- short proteins
- if outside brain, acts as hormones
- if within brain, acts as neurotransmitters
ex) cholcystokinin stimulates pancreas/liver in digestive system; but in brain has roles in pain, memory, anxiety, hunger

Front 26

agonist

Back 26

- a drug that INCREASES or facilitates activity or effect of the transmitter
- direct agonist impersonates transmitter and activates receptor

Front 27

antagonist

Back 27

- a drug that DECREASES, interferes, or blocks activity of transmitter
- direct antagonist can't impersonate receptor. It attaches itself to it but doesn't activate it

Front 28

acetylcholine
(a neurotransmitter)

Back 28

- only transmitter that needs enzymatic degradation to terminate signal
-sythesized from choline which is used as component of cell membrane and Acetyl-CoA
- broken down by AChase
comes from cholinergic basal forebrain (BF)
- learning, memory, sleeping/waking, sensory processing

Front 29

basal forebrain's (BF) 2 most prominent structures

Back 29

- septum
- nucleus basalis

Front 30

monoamines
(neurotransmitter)

Back 30

- share lone amino group
- classified into catecholamines and indolamines
- tyrosine-based

Front 31

tyrosine-based monoamines

Back 31

- basic building block for cateholamines
- compounds share catechol as part of structure (bensene ring with to hydroxide groups attached)

Front 32

dopamine (DA)
(a monomine)

Back 32

- sythesis- tyrosine converted to LDOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase. LDOPA is converted to dopamine by DOP Adecarboxylase
-2 sources: substantianigra (for voluntary movements), and ventral tegmental area (VTA) for brain systems

Front 33

norepinephrine (NE)
(a monomine)

Back 33

- produced by blue spot
cells first go through steps of manufacturing DA then dopamine-beta-hydroxylase converts dopamine to norepinephrine
- blue spot