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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why were early studies on the hypothalamus confusing?
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they didn't know if you get aggression or reduction of aggression when the hypothalamus is stimulated
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What effect on aggression does destroying nuclei in the hypothalamus have?
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increase in aggression
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What effect on aggression does stimulating nuclei in the hypothalamus have?
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reduction in aggression
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Where is the amygdala located?
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temporal lobes of the brain
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What effect on aggression does a damaged amygdala have?
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reduction in aggression
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What effect on aggression does a stimulated amygdala have?
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increase in aggression
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What 2 ways can the amygdala be stimulated?
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electric probe surgery or natural epileptic seizures
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What is the belief on if criminal behaviors are inherited?
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no genes that are responsible for criminal behavior but you can inherit genes that predispose you to criminal behavior
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What did Cesare Lombroso say could categorize criminals? And what did he consider criminals?
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physical characteristics
primitive or evoluntionary retarded |
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Why is Lombroso's idea faulty?
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bebcause we know everyone commits small crimes. he needs to narrow his idea of what makes a criminal and it might work
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What is the polygentic-environmental explanation? What do your inherited tendencies effect?
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multiple genes interact with each other and the environment; how you dal with different situtations
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___% of sons of criminal fathers have criminal records themselves.
___% of sons of non criminal fathers have crimial records themselves. |
40%;13%
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What is a monozygotic twin?
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100% of genes in common
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What are dizygotic twins? What are they similar to?
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fraternal twins that share about 50% of genes; siblings
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What are the concordance/resemblance rathes for MZ twins? DZ twins?
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51.5%; 20.6%
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What have studies concluded about twins?
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genetic factors play a significant role in criminal behavior
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What are methodological flaws in twin studies? (3)
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1. so many twins out there that haven't taken these tests
2. some fraternal twins look a lot a like and early studies might have misclassified them 3. shared environments vs. unshared environments |
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What are 2 things that might sway if the twins share the same environments?
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1. same sex twins share similar env.
2. may not share the same uterine environment (access to nutrients, etc. is different) |
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What is the highest level of criminality in adoption studies?
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if both biological dad and adoptive dad's were criminal
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Does the biological or adoptive dad have more effect on the child's criminality?
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biological
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___% of kids were criminals if biological dad was
___% of kids were criminals if adoptive dad was |
22%; 11.5%
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What other thing in the adoption process could have an effect on the child's characteristics?
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adoptive agencies that match based on parental characteristics
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What does Eysenck's theory say?
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discusses how biological predispositions affect how one can be classically conditioned to adapt to society in a prosocial manner
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Why has Eysenck's theory been criticized?
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for failing to adapt to the contemporary notion of cofnitive processes and rather being a more learning/conditioning theory
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What do children learn to do as they are learn and are socialized according to Eysenck?
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to associate negative outcomes with antisocial actions
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What does Eysenck say that a a person's conditionability is in part determined by?
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gentics
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Define extroverts based on arousal.
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they are underaroused and seek out arousing situations to bring them up to a normal level
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Define introverts based on arousal.
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they are overaroused and seek calming situations to bring them down to a normal level
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What are ambiverts? What % of people are ambiverts?
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fall inbetween extrovert and introvert; 68%
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What is RAS? What is responsible for doing? How would a bran stem defect effect the cortex?
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the reticular activating system is associated with introvert/extrovert dimension; it is responsible for keeping the cerebral cortex alert; over or under arousal of it
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What are Eysenck's three dimensions of temperament?
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1. introversion/extroversion
2. neuroticism/stability 3. tough mindedness/tender mindedness (psychoticism) |
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What system is the neuroticism/stability demsion associated with?
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ANS (autonomic nervous system) functioning
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high neurotics react how to the ANS functioning? low neurotics?
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more strongly/emotionally; more stable and less emotional
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Because low neurotics condition more easily because of their stability and less emontionality, they are more able to...
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be more prosocially rational
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What is the limbic system associated with?
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associated brain structure with neuroticism/stability
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What type of limbic system do neurotics have?
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very sensitive
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Within their limbic system, a neurotics' sympatehtic ANS does what? parasympathetic ANS?
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reacts quickly; slow to respond
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What is Eysencks psychoticism commonly thought of as? how does he define this?
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psychopathy: the callous, narcissistic, arrogant, self-serving attitude most commonly attributed to the cold, hard criminal.
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What hormone are psychopaths characterized by?
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high levels of testosterone
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What happens with high levels of testosterone?
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is inhibits the production and action of monoamine oxidase (MAO) and in turn inhibits production and action of serotonin
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how do Eysencks 3 dimensions of temperament relate to criminality?
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1. criminals score high in the psychoticism dimension
2. relationship between criminality and neuroticism exists, but is weaker than with psychoticism. 3. very weak relationship between extroversion and crime |
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What is neuroticism a good predictor of in criminality?
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recidivism
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People with what combination of Eysencks 3 dimensions are only found in delinquent groups?
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high in extroversion and neuroticism; or high in all 3 dimensions
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People with what combination of Eysencks 3 dimensions are only found in non delinquent groups?
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low in extroversion and neuroticism
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(EEG studies)
What is the PCL-R? What have studies shown with prisoners who score high on it? |
a test which measures psychopathy; have higher alpha amplitudes (low cortical arousal)
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What is testosterone correlated with (related to psychoticism dimension)? Is it a direct, causal factor?
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aggression and sensation seeking behavior; no
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The presence of what hormone inhibits MAO activity? what does low MAO lead to?
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testosterone; increased impulsivity and sensation seeking
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When MAO levels drop what happens to serotonin levels? what does this level of serotonin lead to?
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derotonin levels drop; increase impulsive aggression
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What does minimal brain dysfunction ten to increase? what behavior does this predispose children to?
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hyperactivity; antisocial
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Tumors in the ventromedial area of the brain are assocaited with...
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violent outburts
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what do some seizure disoders increase? how are they treated
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aggression; anticonvulsants and psychosurgery
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What area of the brain can very extreme pyschosurgery completely destroy?
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amygdala
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How can brain damage affect frustration and control?
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lead to poor frustration tolerance and impulse control
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What environment is very important to brain development?
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prenatal
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When is neuroplasticity high? what is it?
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first 3 years of life; brain damage can be more easily negated by trainging other areas of the brain to take over for the damaged portion
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What is the social learning theory's take on behavior? what is a reciprocal determinism?
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cognitive processes such as intentions, motivations, emotions effect how you behave; thoughts are interacting with the environment
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what is behavorism's central belief?
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our behavior is solely determind by the environment
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What kind of conditioning did Pavlov use? What are the 4 aspects of this conditioning?
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Classical Conditioning;
1. conditioned stimulus 2. unconditioned stimulus 3. conditioned response 4. unconditioned response |
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What is the conditioned response/reflex?
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one that is unlearned and impermanent...it would happen if you never learned anything
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What is extinction in classical conditioning?
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conditioned response goes away if you pair the conditioned stimulus with nothing for long enough
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what is the unconditioned response/reflex?
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the unconditioned stimulus that evokes the unconditioned response
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Guinea pig example in classical conditioning. What happened in the experiment? What did the tone do? the electric shock?
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they were given electric shock with tone and then just administered the tone; The tone decreased heart rate; the shock showed increase in heart rate
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What is the conditioned stimulus?
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initially causes no reaction and only after several trials does the person know what response they will have to it
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exlplain the baby and lemon example of conditioned stimulus. what is the conditioned stimulus? unconditioned stimulus?
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baby sees a pretty lemon and it takes a few times eating it to realize the taste is repulsing;
CS = the pretty lemon US = the sour taste of the lemon |
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What happen in a CC trial?
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present the conditioned stimulus, follow it by the unconditioned stimulus, and observe the unconditioned response
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What is S-S learning?
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stimulus, stimulus learning
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How is drug tolerance classically conditioned?
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environmental cues set your body up for the intake of drug. if you don't have those cues vs. having those cues changes how your body reacts for whhat is about to hit it
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What is the rapid smoking technique? What kind of conditioning is it associated with?
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smoking a lot of cigarettes right in a row and people associate ciagarettes with nausea and next time they witness a cigarette they don't want it b/c they think it will make them nauseous; classical
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What does operant require and use that classical doesn't?
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requires a response and then uses reinforcers and punishments
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Depending on how the subject responds in operant conditioning what will occur?
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a stimulus contingenct or R-S will occur
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What is a contingency of R-S?
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punishment or reinforcment of the behavior
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What is S-R-S learning? What does the last "s" provide?
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situation response stimulus; the reinforcer or punisher
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Who was John B Watson? What was his famous study?
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radical behaviorist; Little Albert
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What happened in the Little Albert study?
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conditioned fear in a little baby boy with aloud noise and paired it with a white object. started out with a rat/bunny and he transferred his fear unto all things white.
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Who was B.F. Skinner? What were his early studies on? What is he well known for?
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A behaviorist; trial by error of rats in mazes; the Skinner Box
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What did the Skinner Box make easier? How did it do this?
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collecting data and administering punishment/ response; printed data out automatically and a correct action of the subject (like pushing a lever) would release the response (food)
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What did Dr. Cyterski use in her own study of pigeons? What did she find she had to do before the apparatus she was using would work?
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the Skinner Box; had to start rewarding for smaller movements until you get them to do what you need
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What do reinforcers do for behavior?
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increase the probability of future responding
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What is an example of negative reinforcement given in lecture?
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continuous loud noise and to get rid of it you have to do a certain behavior (like push a lever)
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How is negative reinforcemnt seen in eating disorders?
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purging relives/gets rid of anxiety so they are likely to purge again to get rid of that adversive anxiety
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What is an example of a positive reinforcement?
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giving a treat or reward
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What does punishment do to a behavior?
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leads to decrease in the behavior
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What is positive punishment? give an example given in lecture
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get something bad because you did something bad (spanking)
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What is negative punishment? give examples given in lecture
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take away something pleasant that they want because of their behavior (time out, drivning privileges stipped)
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Explain the example of Reponse Cost Procedure given in lecture? Where else has this procedure been effective?
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boys in minor trouble are put in group home. use token economy to reward for good behavior and punish for bad behavior; prisons
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What is the social learning theory's perspective on operant conditioning?
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reinforcement is important for maintaining the behavior once it is learning, but the acquisition of human behavior is influenced by the social environment
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Who did the Bobo doll study? What type of learning is this?
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Bandura;observational learning/modeling
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What happened in the Bobo doll study? What made the kids less apt to mimic the adults behavior?
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adults punched bobo and say specific things and kinds would mimic the behavior; when the adults were punished for acting the way they did
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What are the 4 facts that effect wheter imitation will occur? What theory is this?
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1.attentional processes
2.retentional processes 3.motor reproduction 4.incentive and motivational processes Cognitive Theory |
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Cognitive Theory. How do the attentional processes effect whether imitation will occur?
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have to make sure they are paying attention to what they are observing
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Cognitive Theory. How do the retentional procsses effect whether imitation will occur? What question does this raise?
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they have to be able to retain the info for a while; How soon do you have to test them after they observe?
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Cognitive Theory. How do motor reproduction processes effect whether imitation will occur?
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have to take into consideration that they might not be physically able to replicate what they saw even if learning did take place
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Cognitivie Theory. How do incentive and motivational processes effect whether imitation will occur?
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expectations: what did they see happen to the adults and what expecations they have on what will happen to them
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What are the 4 factors about the model used that affect the PROBABILITY of imitation?
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1.characteristics
2.power and dominance 3.similarity to test subject 4.affection/nutring toward subject |
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Who are powerful and dominant characters in a kids life? What is an ex given in lecture of power and dominant models?
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Parents and teachers; woman being introduced as a sub vs a new teacher effected how much the kids mimiced her (new teacher was imitated more)
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What theory is Ronald Akers responsible for? What does he combine in the theory?
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Differential Association-Reinforcement Theory; behaviorism (operant and classical) with observational learning
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Most criminal behavior is learned through what type of conditioning more so than the other?
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operant
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How long a criminal behavior is mantained depends on what? Are social reinfocements or material items more influential?
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social rewards; social reinforcements
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What happened with Patty Hearst?
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she had a rich family, was kidnapped and held, fell in love with ringleader and committed crimes, and was sentenced to 25 yrs in prison but served a short time
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What is Patty Hearst and example of? How so?
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Fundamental Attribution Error because people assumed her behavior was dispostional and had to do with her character and not the environment she was in (being kidnapped)
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What are the 2 kinds of attributions? Define them.
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1.Dispositional explanations: due to some enduring characteristic of the person
2.Situational explanations: the behavior was due to some aspect of the situation |
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What is the Fundamental Attribution error?
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when we underestimate the power of the situation when we look at somebody else's behavior and believe the behavior was due to their disposition
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What is a self-serving bias?
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looking at our own behavior we are more aware of the power of the situation
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How does the FAE differ from Western to Eastern culture?
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Americans are harsh and we see a lot of FAE whereas other countries don't see as much FAE
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What happened in the Fidel Castro essay research on FAE? What was found?
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students had to review an essay pro or anti Castro. some were told that they were freely chosen and some were told the topics were assigned; They found that even when they subjects were told the essay topics were assigned by the debate coach, they still thought the writer's true attitude was in favor of Castro if the paper was
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What happened in the bball study of FAE? What was found?
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bball players assigned to shoot freethrows in either a normal, well lit gym or a hardly lit gym (obvious situational factor); ppl in the study were asked to find the abilities of th eplayers and still said the players in the better lit gym were better than the players in the dimly lit gym
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What was a famous obedience study? What did it do? Why are the results so surprising?
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Milgram's Studies; people brough in and told to shock somebody for making mistakes in learning pairs of words; because people delivered a shock even when they other is complaining of heart pain, etc.
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What are the 3 things the subject must find "legitimate" to be the most obedient to the teacher.
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legitimacy of the system
legitimacy of the autorities (teacher) within the system legitimacy of their demands |
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What would an example of a legitimate system be in real life? in the Milgram study?
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gov't telling to invade a country; it is a university study that has been accepted by the college board
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What would be an example of a legitimate authority withing the system in the Milgram study?
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the teacher in a white lab coat
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What is the "only following orders defense"? How is it used in the Milgram study?
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The teacher or admistrator takes responsibility and ensures the subject that they are only following orders; The subject in the Milgram study asks "what if the guy i'm shocking gets hurt?" the teacher answers "i'm responsible for it"
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What is gradual escalation? How is it used in the Milgram study?
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it is the intensifying of the subjects duty as the experiement progresses so that the subject figures "well if i did this than i guess i can go one more step and do this"; in Milgram the shock goes up and up from the beginning of the exp.
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What is the feeling of being anonymous in large groups called? What are some examples?
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Deindividuation; European soccer games, Halloween; riots
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What experiement of deindividuation did Zimbardo do? How many of the gaurds were abusive and demeaning?
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Stanford Prison Exp.; 1/3
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Prevelance of Psychopathy.
What percent of the population? What percent of prisioners? |
1% of population
15-30% of prisoners |
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Define a sociopath. How are they different from psychopaths?
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chronic offender, resitant to treatment, anti-social; their disorder is mainly due to the environment
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How are psychopaths different form sociopaths?
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their disorder is more biological (inherited, gentic factors)
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More prisoners are diagnosed with ___ than psychopathy.
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ASPD
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T/F Researchers rely more on personality traits than overt behaviors when classifying ASPD.
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False; its just the opposite
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50-80% of offenders meet criteria for ____ while only 15-30% of offenders meet criteria for ____.
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ASPD; psychopathy
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____% of psychopaths will meet the criteria for ASPD.
____% of people with ASPD will meet the criteria for pyschopathy. |
90%; 30%
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What are some of the advantages of doing research on psychopathy in the prison setting?
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1. willing participants
2. a lot of psychopaths in the vicinity to interview 3. better control of situation 4. can check their files to check what they've told you |
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What is a disadvantage to doing research on psychopathy in the prison setting?
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the inmates might not be the most successful psychopaths around because they got caught
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Are psychopaths mentally ill? Why?
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No, because they are able/responsible for their behaviors and are not out of touch with reality.
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What is the "psychopaths philosophy"?
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the world is full of givers and takers and if you don't take someone else will take from you
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What do the following scores on the PCL-R mean? 2, 1, 0? What point range diagnoses you as a psychopath?
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2: behavior completely matches this behavior
1: not that stong but somewhat shows this behavior 0: doesn't show this behavior 25-30 points or higher |
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What are some of the characteristics of a psychopath?
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charming, cocky, very good social skills, think highly of themselves, grandiose senes of self-worth, extroverts, conartist, pathological liar, don't show remorse, loners, no depth of love, parasite, irresponsible, take offence easily, lack of realistic goals
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What are the 2 factors of psychopathy?
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Factor 1: reflects interpersonal and emotional aspects of the disorder
Factor 2: is associated with the deviant lifestyle of the individual |
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What have studies found on the developmental delay of psychopaths through EEG waves?
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psychopaths have abnormal EEGS of a slow-wave variety similar to that of a child's.
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What is the maturation retardation hypothesis regarding developmental delay in psychopaths?
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children usually grow out of the slow-wave variety but it takes psychopaths until about the age of 40 for their wave pattern to reach that of a normal adult
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What is "aging-out of crime"?
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you see less offenses as people get older; offenders are primarly 18-25 yrs of age
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What does the right side of the brain control? the left?
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R: creativity and emotional processesing
L: language and reasoning |
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Hemispheric specialization shows that psychopaths see a deficit in which side of the brain? How so?
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Both
R: no remorse, not emotional about things normal ppl would be L: the way they speak is unusual (use word incorrectly) |
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What did the research of Patrick Bradley and Lang (1993) study and how? What did they find?
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The startle response of psychopaths to violent versus neutral and pleasant scenes; were showed all 3 scenes and all were paired with a loud noise; The normal ppl's reactions had a direct correlation with the scene...the psycopaths had the same startle response to pleasant and unpleasant and the most response was to neutral scene
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T/F. Frontal lobe damage or dysfuntion leads to aggressiveness and impulsivity?
Was there structural or obvious brain damage found in psychopaths? |
True; No
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What happens in the RAS (reticular activating system) of psychopaths?
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the RAS doesn't generate enough arousal in cortical psychopaths
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What is habituation? When does it occur?
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you get used to something; if an action habituates too quickly than nothing offers stimulation so the person is prone to boredom and needs to do more risky, exciting things
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What is passive avoidance? Why is this hard for psychopaths?
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withhold a response inorder to avoid punishment or recieve a reward; because they are impulsive
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What is "go/no-go" task:
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playing a computer game where you have to make a response to get reward; punished for incorrect response however the game changes. sometimes you have to push the button to get reward and sometimes you have to abstain from pushing the button to get rewarded
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Why are "go/no-go" tasks difficult for psychopaths?
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they don't have a hard time not making a response but they struggle when their is a switch between making the response and not making the response in order to get the reward
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What is a dominance response set for reward in relation to a psychopath?
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they have a hard time changing their behavior (i.e when playing the go/no-go computer game) once they have established a DOMINANCE RESPONSE SET FOR THE REWARD
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What is it called when a psychopath is focused on what they're doing and don't pay attention to information outside of what they are focused on?
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peripheral information
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What affect do family history variables have on psychopaths? What 2 social situations in childhood have some bearing on becoming a psychopath?
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vraibales had to be summed together to have any strength
1. abuse/neglect at home 2. negative social/school experiences |
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What are some problems with gathering information in an interivew about a subject's childhood? How can this be solved?
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memory distortion of childhood
choose to lie about childhood ask moms instead of inmate/interviewee |
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What are the 2 factors factor analsis shows in development of personality in a child?
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1. familial dynamics: all family variables including parents neglect or mistrustful of children
2. societal influences: expereiences at school, peers or teacher rejection, academic performance |
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The familial dynamics factor goes with which factor, 1 or 2, of psychopaths? describe this factor.
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Factor 1: interpersonal and emotional aspects of the disorder
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The societal influences factor goes with which factor, 1 or 2, of psychopaths? describe this factor.
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factor 2: associated with the deviant lifestlye of the individual
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What is semantic aphasia?
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psychopaths emotions don't match up with their words.
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What contributes to the type of crime (violent or nonviolent) that psychopath commits?
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the stability of their homelife background
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The biology of a psychopath provides a poor foundation for the formation of what?
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a conscience
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Which gender has lower total scores on the PCL-R? which means there is a lower or higher prevelancy of psychopathy among female inmates?
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women; lower
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What model may not apply to female psychopaths?
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the 2 factor model
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T/F. There is a higher rate of recidividsm for female psychopaths.
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False; lower
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T/F. Females are less aggressive and violent than males in psychopathy.
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T
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What is the best way to make a psychopath seek treatment?
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Point out their behavior is hurting themselves
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How can treatment actually make a psychopath worse?
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they pick up on how to rationalize their bheavior and use jargon they have learned to make people think they are better...its in their cunning nature to do this
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Why is it beneficial to start therapy at a young age?
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because once they have fully developed as a psychopath they try to dominate the group and are long winded
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What is the expectancy theory?
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whether a specific pattern of behavior occurs will depnd on our expectancies that behaving in this way will lead to a good outcome and how much we value the outcome.
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In the Differential Association-Reinforcement theory, what is a discriminative stimuli?
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social signal transmitted by subcultural or peer groups to indicate wheter certain kinds of behavior will be rewarded or punished within a particular social context
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What are the 2 different kinds of discriminative stimuli. define each.
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positive: signales that communicate certain behaviors are encouraged by the subgroup. similar to positive reinforcement through social rewards.
neutrailzing/justifying: neutralizes the warnings communicated by society at large that certain behaviors are inappropriate or unlawful. |
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What did the verbal dichotic listening task show about psychopaths? What does this mean? This explains what problem psychopaths have?
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there was no asymmetry for psychopaths in the hearing in their L vs. R ear; This means they are less laterazlied for verbal processing; explains why they have poor connections between words and emotions
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What did the Williamson, Harpur, and Hare study find on psychopaths reaction to emotional words?
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psychopaths did not respond faster to emotinal words than neutral words like a normal person would.
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