Psych Test #2

Front 1

Learning

Back 1

Relatively permanent change in behavioral tendency that occurs as a result of practice or observation.

Front 2

Classical Conditioning

Back 2

A learning process in which a stimulus that reliably produces a response is paired repeatedly with a neutral stimulus. In time the neutral stimulus will the cause the response when presented by itself

Front 3

Unconditioned Stimulus

Back 3

Always produces a certain response.
(no choice)

Front 4

Unconditioned Response

Back 4

Brought about by an unconditioned stimulus.
(no choice)

Front 5

Conditioned Stimulus

Back 5

Event, prior to conditioning,no produce resembling unconditioned response.

Front 6

Conditioned Response

Back 6

Response produces by conditioned stimulus.

Front 7

Classical conditioning#2

Back 7

Complete when cs causes cr to occur by us is presented.

Front 8

Operant Conditioning

Back 8

altering the frequency of a response by giving (an occasional) reinforcement or punishment whenever that response is emitted.

Front 9

Elements of Learning

Back 9

Stimulus, Response, Motivation, Principle of association.

Front 10

Stimulus

Back 10

produces change/sensation or response(independent variable)

Front 11

Response

Back 11

Observable Activity (dependent variable)

Front 12

Principle of association(contiguity)

Back 12

Stimulus & response connect if they occur close together in time and space.

Front 13

Reinforcement

Back 13

anything following a behavior that causes an increase in the frequency of the behavior.
(not necessary for the learning process)

Front 14

Positive Reinforcement

Back 14

stimuli whose presentation after a response increase probability that a response will occur.

Front 15

Negative Reinforcement

Back 15

Stimuli whose removal after a response increase probability that the response will occur again

Front 16

Counter Conditioning

Back 16

Conditioned to associate the stimuli that usually brings about the undesired response with a new unpleasant response --> Behavior changes

Front 17

Trial & Error Conditioning

Back 17

Predecessor to operant condition, and roles of reinforcement and punishment (Thorndike)

Front 18

Punishment

Back 18

Event which causes a decrease in frequency of the behavior preceding it.

Front 19

Flooding

Back 19

A response elicited numerous times to exhaust the person, generates unpleasant associations

Front 20

Observational Learning

Back 20

Social Learning or imitation learn by watching, reading, seeing.
Advantage: Efficiency.

Front 21

Albert Bandura

Back 21

Observational Learning
3 Elements
1) Modeling stimulus
2) Matching Response
3) Reinforcer for matching response.

Front 22

Continuous Reinforcement

Back 22

Reinforcing every correct response

Front 23

Partial Reinforcement

Back 23

Reinforcements occur, only some of the time a correct response occurs

Front 24

Ratio Schedules

Back 24

Reinforcement given for either a fixed or average number of correct responses.

Front 25

Fixed Ratio

Back 25

a schedule of reinforcement in which the reinforcer always follows a fixed number of responses. (predictable-stable response rates)

Front 26

Variable Ratio

Back 26

a schedule of reinforcement in which the reinforcer is given after a variable number of responses. (based on performance averages)

Front 27

Interval Schedules

Back 27

Reinforce given for the 1st correct response after set interval of time has passed.

Front 28

Fixed Interval Schedules

Back 28

a schedule of reinforcement in which the first response after a definite period of time is reinforced. (regardless of the number of responses between times) (Scalloped performance curve)

Front 29

Variable interval schedules

Back 29

a schedule of reinforcement in which the first response following a changeable, average period of time is reinforced.

Front 30

Primary Reinforcements

Back 30

Water, food pain, ability to reinforce without need for much prior learning(heredity)

Front 31

Timing/Reinforcements: Classical

Back 31

Reinforcer: U.S

Optimal interval between us and cs is about 1/2 a second to 2 hourse

Front 32

Timing/Reinforcements: Operant

Back 32

Reinforcer: whatever follows the emitted response.

Reinforcers should be given right after the response for greatest effectiveness

Front 33

Extinction

Back 33

Decrease in frequency of behavior that occurs when a learned response is no longer reinforced.

Front 34

Generalization

Back 34

Process of responding to stimuli similar to, but not identical with the original training stimulus.

Front 35

Generalization Gradient

Back 35

Conditioned response declines in probability as the similarity between original and test stimuli decreases

Front 36

Discriminations

Back 36

Ability to react differently to similar but distinct stimuli-critical to the survival of any organism.

Front 37

Edward Thorndike

Back 37

Operant Conditioning-1882-1965
Trial and Error conditioning
Cat experiment, Cat learns to get out of puzzle box.

Front 38

B.F skinner

Back 38

(1904-1991) Operant Conditioning, Skinner box,
1)Magazine training-Food spread on bar,
2)Training animal to react positively to the sound.

Front 39

Shaping

Back 39

Reinforcement of closer and closer approximation to a desired behavior.

Front 40

Ivan P. Pavlov

Back 40

Initial work on digestion, serendipity. Worked with dogs and their saliva, demonstrated that once dogs learned a certain sound meant food, the dogs would start salivating any time they heard that sound/.

Front 41

Method of Successive Approximations

Back 41

Utilizing behaviors in which organism is already capable of organizing them into a particular sequence.

Front 42

Continuous Reinforcement

Back 42

Reinforcing every response(skinner doesnt use)

Front 43

Partial Reinforcement

Back 43

Length of time with animal increases, response increase, not reinforcing every response (skinner used.

Front 44

Spontaneous Recovery

Back 44

Reaquisition of a response following extinction without intervening or additional reinforcements.

Front 45

Ebbinghaus Tradition

Back 45

Cognitive vs human learning. nonsense syllables(initials, constant, vowel, consants) Quantitate features

Front 46

Bartlett Tradition

Back 46

Qualitative-much more efficient way to improve our way of learning.

Front 47

Serial Learning

Back 47

Learning in lists, easitst to learn in the first and last, Hardest is a the mid point.

Front 48

Free Recall

Back 48

Develop whatever strategy you want, no specific order, just trying to learn specific words.

Front 49

Meaningfulness

Back 49

Highest that influences learning.
association value, frequency, imagery,context.

Front 50

Association Value

Back 50

Words that make you link to other words. As the association value goes up, the more words you can find.

Front 51

Frequency

Back 51

Frequency of exposure increases the meaningfulness.

Front 52

Imagery

Back 52

Apple has the highest association value in the eng language, an image associated with a word.

Front 53

Context

Back 53

Learning individual words in a specific order

Front 54

Practice Techniques: Massed Vs. Distributed

Back 54

Learning all at once(massed) or learning in different sections(more effective)

Front 55

Practice Techniques: Reading Vs. Recitation

Back 55

Reading is better because its active, more meaning.

Front 56

Practice Techniques: Whole Vs. Part

Back 56

Depends on the nature of what your studying.

Front 57

Practice Techniques: Knowledge of results

Back 57

Best way to learn

Front 58

Learning Vs Age.

Back 58

Age doesn't impact learning.

Front 59

Sensory Store

Back 59

Retains information for a very brief interval of time/type of memory, information stored briefly.

Front 60

Rehearsal

Back 60

Allows info to be held in short term memory and helps determine if it will enter long term memory

Front 61

Retrieval

Back 61

Information is retrieved from long term memory requires some trace of the even and a retrieval cue.

Front 62

Episodic

Back 62

Time-related

Front 63

Semantic

Back 63

Language related, word meanings

Front 64

Inputting Information(memory)

Back 64

Affected by attributes of learner.
Level of motivation,attention,and intelligence.

Front 65

Incidental learning

Back 65

Without intent, no instructions

Front 66

Intentional Learning

Back 66

Learning in response to introduction

Front 67

Affected by attributes of the material being learned

Back 67

Meaningfulness of material, manner of pres. ,variables, structure of material.

Front 68

Model of Memory:

Back 68

Episodic,Semantic,Procedural,
Endel Tulving (1972)

Front 69

Procedural Memory

Back 69

physical activity(mechanical and repetitive acts)

Front 70

Methods of measuring amount of learning

Back 70

Relearning, Recognition, and Recall

Front 71

Processes(Learning and Remembering)

Back 71

Inputting info, storing info, retrieving info

Front 72

Retrieving info

Back 72

Based on using a correct cut to locate a memory

Front 73

Forgetting

Back 73

Result of proactive or retroactive interference or lack of consolidation period.

Front 74

Theory Of Human Associative Memory

Back 74

Propounds that there are 3 types of memory representing different intervals storage between input and use.

Front 75

Time-Of-Storage Theory

Back 75

1) Very Short term memory store
2)Short Term Memory (2 Min)
3) Long Term Memory

Amount remembered does not equal speed of learning
equal amount of material = retention

Front 76

Tachistoscope

Back 76

Apparatus that allows psych to present images for very short intervals of time(used in studies of sensory story)

Front 77

Short Term Memory

Back 77

Active type of memory(storage mechanism) that allows info to be held for longer intervals of time that the sensory storage; requires a specific activity (rehearsal) from the organism for retention.

Front 78

Peterson Study

Back 78

2 Researchers/Short Term Memory 1959
Participants given 3-letter non sense syllalble to remember but were prevented from rehearsing, after 18 seconds the ability to recall correctly dropped less than 10 percent in accuracy.

Front 79

Long-Term Memory

Back 79

Most permanent storage of info

Front 80

Active Rehearsal

Back 80

used to hold something in stm is also necessary to aid long term retention of new info.

Front 81

Repetition

Back 81

does not require deep levels of cognitive processing(intent to learn increases retention substantially)

Front 82

Re-learning

Back 82

after learning something once easier to re-learn it
100X [original learning-relearning]/OL=% of saving scone

Front 83

Recognition

Back 83

Uses of material itself as a cure, sets it with other material similar to original.

Front 84

Recall

Back 84

Telling what you know, fewest cues, least sensitive

Front 85

Association Value

Back 85

A measure of the number of other words of which a stimulus reminds you.

Front 86

Imagery Value

Back 86

A measure of the ease with which a word calls an image to mind.

Front 87

Frequency

Back 87

Number of times a word is used impacts its ease of learning

Front 88

Techniques of Studying memory

Back 88

Aristotle: Contiguity, similarity Contrast

Front 89

Receptor

Back 89

The eye

Front 90

Iris

Back 90

Eye muscles, eye color

Front 91

Lens

Back 91

Different thickness depending on how or what you are thinking, how you focus,produces image in fovea. The further the object the thinner the thickness

Front 92

Vitreous Humor

Back 92

"Jello" When rods or cones age, they seperate themselves ito the vitreous humor which eventually gets discarded

Front 93

Blind spot

Back 93

Visual nerve, and cells face away from the source of light. Being blinded in a particular area

Front 94

LAyers of the eye

Back 94

Rods/Cones,Retina,Choroid,Sclera,blood vessels

Front 95

Retina

Back 95

1st layer, sensing surface

Front 96

Choroid

Back 96

Black cells behind the retina. Absorbs light.

Front 97

Sclera

Back 97

Outer layer of vitreous humor. Holds Shape

Front 98

Photopic Threshold curve

Back 98

Cones, 15 minutes to occur

Front 99

Scotopic Threshold Curve

Back 99

Rods 30 ,minutes to occur

Front 100

Adaptation

Back 100

A change in the perceived psychological attributes of a stimulus because of the effects of prior stimulation

Front 101

Physiological Nystagmus

Back 101

When looking at something moving, this preserves accuracy of what vision you are seeing.

Front 102

After-image

Back 102

over reporting cells

Front 103

Wavelength

Back 103

Frequency, tone what we hear, (PITCH)

Front 104

Amplitude

Back 104

More energy,less in the wave-intensity and loudness.

Front 105

Range

Back 105

Mixture, timbre or variation of sounds

Front 106

The denser the medium..

Back 106

the farther the sound travels!

Front 107

Noise

Back 107

any sound that is inappropriate to the situation in which it occurs

Front 108

Pinna

Back 108

Collects sound

Front 109

Eustachian Tube

Back 109

Equalizes pressure of both sides of ear drum

Front 110

Cochlea

Back 110

Ear, fluid filled

Front 111

Place theory of basilar membrane

Back 111

Starts vibrating, hairs withing the organ of corti, moves onto tectorial membrane where the bending of those hair cells begins to occur, hair cell neurons start firing.

Front 112

Frequency Theory of Basilar membrane

Back 112

the entire basilar membrane moves

Front 113

Conductive deafness

Back 113

loss of hearing in the outer or middle ear

Front 114

Nerve Deafness

Back 114

Nerve loss,inner ear infection

Front 115

Lock and Key Theory

Back 115

Smell,Amore 1952, a cell facing outward, any other cells thats identical with that will fire and a certain sensation will allow a smells sense to surface.

Front 116

Theory of operation

Back 116

Taste sensitivity, Salt,sweet,sour bitter(most sensitive)

Front 117

Skin Senses

Back 117

Touch, Pressure, Cool, Heat

Front 118

Touch

Back 118

Any contact

Front 119

Pressure

Back 119

Heavy contact

Front 120

Cool

Back 120

Temp below skin temperature

Front 121

Heat

Back 121

Temperature above skin temperature

Front 122

Transduction

Back 122

pattern of firing of multiple receptors warm+cool=pain

Front 123

Semicircular Canals

Back 123

Detect any motion in any direction.

Front 124

Kinesthetic Sense

Back 124

The body posititon sense

Front 125

Semicircular canals process

Back 125

fluid logs behind the canal, it doesnt start, the ampule is jammed against one side of the hair cells. The the fluid catches up. When the body stops the ampule has the opposite side of hair cells.

Front 126

Stimulus Variation

Back 126

We are designed mainly to perceive or judge movement.

Front 127

Shape Constancies

Back 127

how we perceive shapes

Front 128

Emmert's Law (Size Constancies)

Back 128

projecting same size image from far away than close by, the site is still the same.

Front 129

Law of Good Figure

Back 129

Pragnanz, (symmetry, closure,familarity)

Front 130

Symmetry

Back 130

can lay the image on top of itself creating the same shape (circle)

Front 131

Closure

Back 131

Filling in information that is not orginally there. (Makes it easier to justify)

Front 132

Familiarity

Back 132

Something we are used to seeing.

Front 133

Laws of grouping

Back 133

Proximity(nearness),Similarity(likeness),Continuity(repeating pattern),common fate(movement)

Front 134

Auto-Kinetic Movement

Back 134

Movement where there is none,self generated sense of movement.

Front 135

Organization of Perception

Back 135

Figure-Ground,Shaped-Amorphous,Discontinuous-Continuous,Object-like-Non-object like,Color=more solid-Color=less solid, Nearer-Further,Dominant-Recessive,Broadened-Borderless