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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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MEMORY
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the process of encoding, retrieving, and storing information; research in memory began after the crash of behaviorism, scientists began to attribute behavior to higher mental processing
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ENCODING
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storing information in units
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MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL
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repeating a memory over and over in order to remember it, very ineffective
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ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL
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elaborating or integrating a new memory with an old memory by creating retrieval cues, very effective
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DISTRIBUTED VS. MASSED PRACTICE
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distributing study time over a long period of time is much more effective way to remember things, rather than cramming
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CONSTRUCTION
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what happens while encoding is taking place
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EPISODIC MEMORY
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memories of things that happened in your life
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SEMANTIC MEMORY
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unspecialized information through encoding
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STORAGE
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the process of retaining information through encoding
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SENSORY MEMORY
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holds raw information from the senses for a brief time
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SHORT TERM MEMORY
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working memory, a memory phenomenon that lasts 15 to 20 seconds, place where mental processing goes on
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CHUNKING
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grouping together ideas during encoding into short term memory, varies in size from person to person, however most people can remember 7 plus or minus 2 chunks of information in short term memory
experts in different fields are not able to remember more chunks only they are capable of maintaining larger chunks by deeply linking together loose ideas |
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LONG TERM MEMORY
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area of memory that will hold memories but has a low activity rate as information moves to long term memory its activation rate increases
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RETRIEVAL
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the process of gathering information from long term memory, the focus of modern memory research, dependent on cues
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CUES
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triggers that stimulate memory due to encoding specificity principle
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ENCODING SPECIFICITY PRINCIPLE
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fundamental idea about memory which states that the primary determinant of retrieval success is the match between the information in memory and the information in the cue
looking at a specific light while studying, every time you see the light you will remember the idea |
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RECONSTRUCTION
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retrieval that is often false as humans often link together ideas in a story to things that they already know in order to remember it better, but often implications are made in the story that alter our understanding of the story (adding information as you're retrieving info)
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ACCURACY OF MEMORY
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use retrieval cues from the area that information was first processed, continuously using an ineffective cue is pointless, and confidence in deals does not prove memory accuracy
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FORGETTING:
DECAY THEORY INTERFERENCE THEORY RETRIEVAL FAILURE |
it is impossible to isolate one reason for forgetting as subjects cannot describe why their memory was forgotten and the above theories are often connected
retrieval failure is often caused by interference |
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ATTITUDE
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anything that you can think about within any dimension of judgement, positive or negative
people are much more likely to act on an attitude if it directly affects them |
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COGNITIVE COMPONENT
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what you thought about something
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AFFECTIVE COMPONENT
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what you felt about something
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BEHAVIORAL COMPONENT
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predispositions about something and the behavior that results
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CHINESE COUPLE STUDY
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restaurants and hotels in the west were asked if they would serve a Chines couple during the Yellow Peril, most said no, but when presented with a Chinese couple they had no problem serving them
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ATTITUDE CHANGE--DISSONANCE
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the reduction of the state of mind where ideas are inconsistent with behavior, one's attitude will change to eliminate this dissonance
Clinton symbolized an ethical approach to government, but was involved with a marriage scandal. People changed their positive views on Clinton not on marriage |
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ESTINGER & SMITH
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engaged subjects in a very boring task for an hour then asked to fill out a questionnaire about the intensity of the task; everyone said it was very boring. the researchers then paid a control group $1 and an experimental $20 to lie to the next group by saying that the task was very exciting. the control group has very little incentive to lie so they has extreme dissonance while the control group had very little dissonance, after they lied, the subjects filled out a questionnaire about the intensity of the task again to which everyone in the control group said it was very interesting (i.e. they changed their attitude toward the test, not toward themselves)
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TWO SIDED ARGUMENT
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used when an audience is ignorant on the subject or already agrees with you, even a simple mention of the opposition's idea works
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FEAR AROUSAL
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claiming that something terrible will happen if you are not persuaded, only effective when the results are horrific, easily avoidable, and highly probable
if you don't buy this car (easily avoidable) your baby will die (horrific but highly probable) |
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LATITUDE OF ACCEPTANCE
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receivers can only be persuaded within a limited range
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ATTRIBUTION
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inferences that we draw about reasons for behavior
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INTERNAL ATTRIBUTION
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reason for behavior is intrinsic
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EXTERNAL ATTRIBUTION
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reason for behavior is caused by a third party
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FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR
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an imbalance in judging behavior where subjects generally attribute their own behavior to external factors and others' behavior to internal factors
the guy driving slow on the freeway is an intrinsic moron but when you drive slowly it's because you have little gas |
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DIMENSIONS OF ATTRIBUTION
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designed by Kelly to measure how a person will attribute behavior in certain situations
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CONSISTENCY
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knowing whether a behavior is consistent with regard to the object of behavior
Does T.O. act like an ass to McNabb all the time or is just an isolated incident? |
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DISTINCTIVENESS
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is the target of the behavior distinctive?
Does T.O. only act like an ass to McNabb or does he do it to everyone? |
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CONSENSUS
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Do others maintain the same behavior to the target object?
Is T.O. the only person that is anass to McNabb or does everyone do it? |
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DEFENSIVE BIAS
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after a horrible even people tend to attribute the event to internal factors to make them feel helpless about being a victim
women who get beaten by their husbands blame themselves so that they try to control their victimization |
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SELF SERVING BIAS
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people tend to attribute positive things to internal factors
good day means that you did something good to make your day good |
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ABOUT AVERAGE EFFECT
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the mean of peoples' idea about personal positive characteristics is always about the norm
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EFFORT JUSTIFICATION
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if a goal is very costly with little reward either one claim that they are pointless or the goal was pointless
initiation to a fraternity that turn out to be bunk |
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BUYER'S REMORSE
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feeling angry after buying something expensive
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UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS (UCS)
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unconditioned stimulus is one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response
(food in the mouth) |
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UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE (UCR)
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unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus
(salivation) |
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CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR)
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he learned response to the previously neutral stimulus
(salivation to the bell) |
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CONDITIONED STIMULUS (CS)
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reviously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response
(bell ringing) |
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TIME LEARNING
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CS and UCS begin and end together
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SHORT DELAYED CONDITIONING
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CS...give some time then present the UCS
most effective |
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ACQUISITION
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not all stimuli are equal to become a CS. it is much easier if the neutral stimulus is novel, unusual or intense
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EXTINCTION
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learn something through classical conditioning and you want to eliminate it, the process of unlearning
continue to present the CS without the UCS |
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SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY
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the response is extinguished and the next day it comes back
the CS comes back on its own but is not as strong |
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STIMULUS DISCRIMINATION
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refers to the organism/ person learning to disguise more precisely what the CS is
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STIMULUS GENERALIZATION
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response gets generalized to other similar stimuli
little albert, the bridge girl |
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OPERANT CONDITIONING
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use of consequences to modify the occurrence and form of behavior
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
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learning by association
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POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
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you add something to make behavior reoccur
give car for graduating give animal food |
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POSITIVE PUNISHMENT
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add something to make behavior stop
give child soap in the mouth yell at them |
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REINFORCEMENT
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anything that makes a behavior reoccur
rewarding someone |
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PUNISHMENT
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makes behavior less likely to occur
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NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
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remove something to make the behavior occur
you don't have to take your brother to the mall because you got good grades you give in to an argument to remove the averse situation |
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POSITIVE PUNISHMENT
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take something away that makes the behavior stop
you are grounded |
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CONTINGENCIES FOR REINFORCEMENT & PUNISHMENT
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use reinforcement intermittently
and use punishment every time |
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SHAPING
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skinner making the pigeons play ping pong
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RATIO SCHEDULE OF RF
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schedule that is set up on the number of times the behavior occurs
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INTERVAL SCHEDULES OF RF
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the time between when the behavior has occured
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AVOIDANCE
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in the box with the dog there is light and 5 sec. before the light goes on the dog is shocked
the negative reinforcement goes away, but the dog still jumps when it sees the light |
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MOWRER'S TWO PROCESS THEORY
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idea that the escape behavior is learned through negative reinforcement
the avoidance behavior is maintained through negative reinforcement, but a different type |
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ENCODING SPECIFICITY
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the idea that the best retrieval for info that is stored in memory is the informatuon that is stored in memory
the degree in memory in the retrieval cue and the info in memory is a very important determinant in retrieval the more match the higher probability of information retrieval D |
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DECLARATIVE MEMORY
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memory about things you can say or talk about
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PROCEDURAL MEMORY
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well practiced physical routines
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EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
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show people a car accident and distort their memory to think they saw certain things
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ACTOR
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person engaging in the behavior
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OBSERVER
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person making the attribution
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INTERNAL ATTRIBUTIONS
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attributing the cause of the behavior to something inside the actor (personality)
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EXTERNAL ATTRIBUTIONS
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explanation you give for the behavior that is based on something external for the actor ( flat tire, driving slowly)
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•FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR
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people make attributions that seem to be inconsistent with rules and laws of probability
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DEFENSIVE ATTRIBUTION
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blame the cause on an internal aspect as a defense mechanism
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SELF-SERVING BIAS
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make internal attributions about yourself to build you up. Make external attributions about others to put them down, discredit them and build yourself up
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ATTITUDES
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Locate objects of thought (anything) on a dimension of judgment
Place the object something along the lines of a positive or negative role |
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COMPONENTS OF ATTITUDE
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Cognitive component:The judgement you make how good or bad it is
Affective: Emotional response to the situation Behavioral: How people behave in a situation |
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TYPES OF INTERFERENCE
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• Retroactive
New info learned clashes with previously learned info • Proactive Information that you learned previously classes with information just learned • Misleading post recent info Cassette player where there wasn’t one at all |
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DISSONANCE
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o If you have two related thoughts/ideas that are inconsistent with each other will produce a state called dissosance
• Unpleasant emotions o To eliminate dissonceance chance your attitude about one of the two things |
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EFFORT JUSTIFICATION
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o You pay substaintially for an item thtat you realzize in the retrospect wasn’t worth the cost
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POST DECISIONAL DISSONANCE
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o After making & choice focusing on the negative aspects of the rejected object
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PERSUASION
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o Some factors that affect success:
• Sender→ prerson making argument that affects whether or not people find the source persuasive o Perceived credibility do they appear to be someone trustworthy • More likely to shift someone’s attitude Is the source physically attractive Is the source likeable |
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PERIPHERAL ROUTES TO PERSUASION
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• Factors peripheral to the argument can produce immediate change in an opinion in the receiver but wont last long
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CENTRAL ROUTES TO PERSUASION
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stresses logic and reason of argument produces gradual but longlasting shifts in opinion
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