Psych Test #1

Front 1

Mesmerism (Hypnosis)

Back 1

"animal magnetism" could cure mental and physical illness (Mesmer) Does not work

Front 2

Phrenology

Back 2

using scientific minds to compare mental traits to organs of the brain - detectable by measuring the skull

Front 3

Wilhem Wundt

Back 3

founded first psych lab (1879) and first to call himself a psychologist

Front 4

Introspection

Back 4

subjective observation of our own experiences

Front 5

structuralism

Back 5

expansion of introspection - breaks down consciousness into its most basic components

Front 6

functionalism

Back 6

the function of our feelings and thoughts (William James)

Front 7

Mary Calkins

Back 7

student of James and the first woman to be elected president of the APA

Front 8

Freud's Theory

Back 8

conflict within us - the conscious and unconscious minds are adversaries

Front 9

psychodynamics

Back 9

the underlying hidden forces acting within us

Front 10

catharsis

Back 10

"draining away" your impulses (ex: watching someone release aggression releases some of your aggressive impulses)

Front 11

drive theory

Back 11

energy has to go to sexual or aggressive impulses

Front 12

id

Back 12

most primary facet of personality (e.g. infant at birth)

Front 13

pleasure principle

Back 13

wants pleasure doesn't care about society's rules

Front 14

Ego

Back 14

the need to handle to handle reality; operates on the reality principle

Front 15

reality principle

Back 15

seeks strategies to achieve the id's desires while meeting demands of reality

Front 16

super ego

Back 16

internalized code of conduct rewards us with pride and punishes us with feelings of guilt (our conscious)

Front 17

manifest content

Back 17

concrete images in dreams

Front 18

latent content

Back 18

symbolic imagery in dreams (the hidden meaning)

Front 19

activation-synthesis hypothesis

Back 19

awake or not, the pons, in the brain stem sends signals to the brain. we interpret these random signals and they become our dreams

Front 20

Freudian slip

Back 20

the subconscious sneaks out in "slips of the tongue"

Front 21

psychoanalysis

Back 21

clients saying whatever is on their mind and the psychoanalyst sits behind and takes notes

Front 22

insight therapy

Back 22

client gets a harmonious relationship with the id, ego, a super ego

Front 23

defense mechanism

Back 23

any distortion we use to ward off or lessen our anxiety

Front 24

repression

Back 24

how we push thoughts that give rise out of consciousness

Front 25

rationalization

Back 25

reinterpreting it in an acceptable way when a bad impulse breaks through

Front 26

intellectualization

Back 26

turning something emotional into focusing your intellect about the issue (i.e. grandma gets cancer so you learn everything about cancer)

Front 27

projection

Back 27

attributing an issue to someone else instead of yourself

Front 28

reaction formation

Back 28

turning a forbidden impulse into its opposite

Front 29

displacement

Back 29

redirection of an impulse to a more acceptable outlet

Front 30

sublimation

Back 30

turning something unacceptable into something more socially acceptable

Front 31

regression

Back 31

falling back on child-like patterns to cope with stress

Front 32

identification

Back 32

trying to become like someone else to deal with one's anxiety

Front 33

compensation

Back 33

making up for a "weakness" by becoming superior in another area

Front 34

erogeneous zones

Back 34

part of the body from which we feel pleasure

Front 35

fixation

Back 35

being stuck in a stage

Front 36

oral stage

Back 36

(birth-1.5 yr) teething

Front 37

anal stage

Back 37

(1.5-3 yr) potty training

Front 38

anal expulsive

Back 38

defecate whenever and wherever (slobs)

Front 39

anal retentive

Back 39

terrified of making a mess and refuse to defecate (neat)

Front 40

phallic stage

Back 40

(3-6 yr) sexual feelings become awakened in children

Front 41

Oedipus complex

Back 41

boys want their mothers but their dads are powerful rivals

Front 42

castration anxiety

Back 42

boys notice girls don't have penises - begin to worry that theirs will fall off

Front 43

electra complex

Back 43

girls get sexual feelings for their fathers but their mothers are powerful rivals

Front 44

penis envy

Back 44

notices that boys have penises and begin to want one too

Front 45

latency stage

Back 45

(6 yr - puberty) push down sexual feelings and focus on other things

Front 46

genital stage

Back 46

(puberty-death) sexual feelings reemerge

Front 47

learning

Back 47

relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

Front 48

black box

Back 48

metaphor for mental states. don't know what goes on inside so focus on how the stimulus predicts the response

Front 49

Pavlov

Back 49

won nobel prize for work on digestion in dogs

Front 50

conditioning

Back 50

when the environment provides consistent enough circumstances (i.e. conditions that lead to learning)

Front 51

neutral stimulus

Back 51

elicits no particular response

Front 52

conditioned stimulus

Back 52

elicits a particular response

Front 53

stimulus generalization

Back 53

the extent to which an organism responds to a similar stimulli

Front 54

contiguity

Back 54

close pairing//close in time

Front 55

contingency

Back 55

one thing predicts another

Front 56

extinction

Back 56

CS loses its ability to elicit the CR

Front 57

spontaneous recovery

Back 57

following extinction applying the CS will again evoke the CR

Front 58

Little Albert

Back 58

conditioned the baby

Front 59

operant behavior

Back 59

learning happens because operant behaviors cause consequences in the environment

Front 60

law of the effect

Back 60

when good things happen as a result of doing something, you keep doing it (&visa versa)

Front 61

BF Skinner

Back 61

coined the term operant conditioning and elaborated on the law of effect

Front 62

positive

Back 62

consequence that adds something to the situation

Front 63

negative

Back 63

consequences that subtracts something from the situation

Front 64

reinforcement

Back 64

consequences of a behavior increases the behavior

Front 65

punishment

Back 65

consequences of a behavior decreases the behavior

Front 66

positive reinforcement

Back 66

environment adds something that increases behavior

Front 67

negative punishment

Back 67

environment removes something that decreases behavior

Front 68

positive punishment

Back 68

environment adds something that decreases behavior

Front 69

negative reinforcement

Back 69

environment removes something that increases behavior

Front 70

ratio

Back 70

number of instances of the behavior that needs to occur to receive reinforcement

Front 71

interval

Back 71

amount of time that a behavior needs to occur to receive reinforcement

Front 72

fixed

Back 72

rate of reinforcement is predictable

Front 73

variable

Back 73

rate of reinforcement is somewhat unpredictable (includes a random element)

Front 74

fixed ratio

Back 74

reinforcement after behavior happens number times (ex: frequent purchases get you free items)

Front 75

fixed interval

Back 75

reinforcements after number of seconds if behavior during that time

Front 76

variable ratio

Back 76

reinforcement after number times on average sometimes more or less (ex slot machines)

Front 77

ratio schedules

Back 77

faster and more consistent learning

Front 78

variable schedules

Back 78

more resistant to extinction

Front 79

shaping

Back 79

reinforcement successive approximations of the behavior (ex : dogs sniffing mines)

Front 80

chaining

Back 80

reinforcing one step then the next, then the next, etc

Front 81

token economies

Back 81

reinforce with secondary reinforcers that can be exchanged for primary reinforcements (ex: privileges)

Front 82

learned helplessness

Back 82

why many lead into depression; regardless of what you do you get punished

Front 83

annedonic punishments

Back 83

don't feel anything

Front 84

latent learning

Back 84

learning despite lack of conditioning and not expressed until learning

Front 85

epistomology

Back 85

a way of knowing (science is an epistemology)

Front 86

empiricism

Back 86

truth comes from comparing our ideas with the world

Front 87

reductionism

Back 87

to understand a complicated whole, start by understanding

Front 88

theoretical construct

Back 88

concept (ex: intelligence)

Front 89

operational definition

Back 89

how we measure a concept

(ex: intelligence is a concept and an iq test score is an operational definition)

Front 90

reliability

Back 90

measurement taken multiple times with the same answer

Front 91

validity

Back 91

accurate measurement of what is meant to be measured

Front 92

theory

Back 92

framework that fits facts together and predicts facts we have not observed yet

Front 93

instinctual drift

Back 93

won't learn to do something if it interferes with instincts

Front 94

sensory store

Back 94

large capacity but rapid decay of info

Front 95

iconic memory

Back 95

visual sensory store

Front 96

echoic memory

Back 96

auditory sensory store

Front 97

encoding

Back 97

turning raw sensory info into info our brain can understand

Front 98

chunk

Back 98

meaningful piece of info (chunks vary by person)

Front 99

depth of processing

Back 99

process of moving info from the stm to long term memory

Front 100

rehearsal

Back 100

approach to depth of processing; saying the thing(s) over and over again

Front 101

serial

Back 101

one item at a time

Front 102

recency effect

Back 102

most easily remember last items

Front 103

primacy effect

Back 103

remember first items easier than those in the middle

Front 104

language explosion

Back 104

(~2 yrs) learn about 10-20 new words a week

Front 105

telegraphic stage

Back 105

two word phrases used (~2yrs years old) (e.g. pick up)

Front 106

telegraphic speech

Back 106

sentences follow the most basic grammatical rules

Front 107

mean length of utterance (MLU)

Back 107

how we count morphemes; the number of morphemes put together

Front 108

morpheme

Back 108

smallest unit of meaning in a language (ex: "more cookies please - 4 mlu's, more, cookie, plural, please)

Front 109

pragmatics

Back 109

ability to use background knowledge and context to understand language

Front 110

experiment

Back 110

only way to infer causality; do something as a cause and observe the effect

Front 111

correlation

Back 111

things are associated

Front 112

causality

Back 112

there is a mechanism that makes one thing produce another

Front 113

extraneous variable

Back 113

something you can't keep constant so it could add noise to your data

Front 114

confound

Back 114

a variable that systematically varies between the experimental and control conditions

Front 115

random assignment

Back 115

participants have an equal chance of being in each condition