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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Psychology
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Study of behaviour and the factors that influence it
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Basic Research
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the quest for knowledge purely for its own sake
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Applied research
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designed to solve specific pratical problems
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Goals for Psych
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Describe behaviour
explain and understan the causes predict behaviour under certain conditions influence or control the behaviour |
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levels of analysis
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biological, psychological, environmental
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mononism
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materialist form - holds the mind is not separate from the spiritual entity
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Perspectives
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vantage points for analysing behaviour and enviro causes.
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Bio perspective
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focuses on the physical side of human nature. Natural selection.
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evolutionary psychology
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focuses on the role evolution and the development of behaviour
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sociobiology
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argument - natural selection favours behaviours that increase the ability to pass one's genes
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Cognitive perspective
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humans as imformative problem solvers, actions governed by thought
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psychodynamic perspective
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freud's theory. humans as rational, civilized creatures.
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humanistic perspective
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emphasizes the role of the internal personality processes. Focus on unconscious determinants of behaviour
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sociocultural
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focus on the manner in which culture is transmitted to its members and on the similarities and differences that occur
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Wilhem Wundtt (1832 -1920)
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1st psych lab, coined structuralism, wanted to modify the study of the mind after physical and biological sciences.
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Gestalt psych
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whole and organized. focus on how elements of experience organized into a whole
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Sigmund Frued
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emphasized the role of complex psychological forces in controlling human behaviour. Studies the internal unconsciousness.
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john piget (1896 - 1980)
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50 yrs studying how children think/reason and solve problems.
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karl lashley
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examined how damage to various parts of the brain regions affects rats ability to learn or remember
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Hysteria
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psych disorder where physical symptoms occur with no apparent organic cause
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Empiricism
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Blank slate. Knowledge gained thru experience, observation, our senses. Study how we observe. Nurture side of argument.
PSYCHOLOGY IS EMPIRICAL |
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Behaviourism
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emphasizes environmental control of behaviour through learning
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John B watson
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founded school of Behaviourism in 1920's. Behaviour modification. Believe we are who we are because of what we learn
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cognitive behaviour
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bridges gap between behavioural and cognitive perspectives
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Albert Bandura
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key role in merging cognitive and behavioural perspectives
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self actualization
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the reaching of one's individual potential
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Terror management theory
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an innat desire for continued life, combined with the uniquely human awareness of the inevitability of death create an axiety called EXISTENTIAL TERRO
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individualism
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emphasis on personal goals and self-identity based primarily on one's own contributions
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collectivism
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individual goals are subordinated to those of the group and personal identity.
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nativism
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knowledge is innate, focus on hereditary
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rationalism
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knowledge gained thru logic and reasoning
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John locke
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nothing can exist withing the intellect that did not have its orignis in the sense
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Phrenology (gall)
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bumps in the skull indicate overdeveloped brain regions
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Cranioscopy
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can understand someone's personality from these bumps localizes in the brain regions
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Flourens
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entire brain workds in synch to produce general functions
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Ivan Sechenov
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trained as physiologist, believed that all complex behaviours can be explained by reflexes
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Herman von Ebbinghaus
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first rigorous empirical study of cognitive phenomena, memory and forgetting. Eliminating prior learning
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William James
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friend of Darwin's. Functionalism, interested in the functions of the brain/mind.
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Wolfgang kohler
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gestalt psych. how are elements of experienced organized into the whole experience. The whole is greater than the sum of the parts.
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Hypothesis
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is a tentative explanation/prediction about some phenomenon
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variable
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any characteristic that can differ
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operational definition
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defines a variable in terms of the specific procedures used to prodcue or measure it
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operational definition
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defines a variable in terms of the specific procedures used to prodcue or measure it
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Archival measures
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already existing records or documents
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descriptive methods
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involves recording observation or surveys
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Correlation methods
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involves measuring the strength of an association between two or more events
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experimental methods
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involves manipulations to establish cause and effect relationship between two or more events
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Naturalistic observation
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research observes behaviour in natural settings
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sample
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a subject of individuals drawn from the larger population of interest
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representative sample
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reflects the important characteristics of the population
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random sampling
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used to select individuals in each subgroup to be in the survey
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Correlation research
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x measures one variable
y measures a second x & y dertermines statistical whether x and y are related |
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correlation coefficient
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indicates the direct and strength of the asscotiation between a second variable
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positive correlation
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means that higher scores on one variable are associated with higher score on a second
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negative correlation
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occurs when higher scores on one variable are associated with lower scores on a second
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experiement
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3 characteristics :
manipulate one variable measure whether the manipulation produces changes in a second variable attempts to control for exraneous factors |
