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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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psychology definition
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the science of mental progess and behavior
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three levels of analysis
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Brain, person, group
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levels of the brain
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brain cells and their connections, chemical soup and genes
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Descartes
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focused attention on the distinction between the mind and body and the difference between the two
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First Spychology Laboratory
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Wilhelm Wundt 1879 Leipzig, Germany
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Structuralism
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the school of spychology that sought to identify the basic elements of experience and to describe the rules and circumstances under which these elements combine to form mental structures
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functionalism
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the school of spychology that sought to understand the ways that the mind helps individuals function or adapt to the world
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Gestalt psychology
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understanding mental processes that focus on the idea that the whole is greater than the sum
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psychodynamic theory
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a theory of how thoughts and feelings affect behavior
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behaviorism
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focuses on how specific stimulis evokes a specific response
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humanistic spychology
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assumes people have positive values free will and deep inner capacity and leads them to choose a lifefull-filling path
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spychotherapist
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helps clients learn to change so they can cope with troublesome feelings thoughts and behaviors
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industrial/ organizational psychologist
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applies spychology to the work place
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neurons
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receives processes and send signals to other neurons muscles or bodily organs
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reuptake
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when surplus neurotransmitters is reabsorbed back into the sending neuron so it can effectively fire again
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sypathetic division (sypathetic nervous system)
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is all about the fight or flight (increasing breathing, heart rate, perspiration, and descreasing salivation
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parasypathetic division (parasympathetic nervous system)
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counteracts the sympathetic system
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occipatal lobe
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back of the head controls vision
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left hemishpere
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controld the right side of the body (analitical)
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right brain
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controls lefts side of the body
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limbic system
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controls fighting fleeing feeding and sex include hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, and thalamus
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testosterone
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hormone that causes males to develop facial hair, muscles, and other sexual characteristics
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estrogen
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causes breast to develop and is involved in the menstrul cycle
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pituitary gland
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regulates all other glands and is responsible for growth
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electroencephalograph (eeg)
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records electrical current produced by the brain
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functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri)
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an mri that detects the amount of oxygen being brought to a specific place in the brain
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mendelian inheritance
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transmition of characteristics by inheritance
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evokative interaction
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when genetic characteristics are drawn otu by the people
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learning
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permanent change in behavior resulting from experience
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classical conditioning
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neutral stimulus plus stimilus causing a reflective behavior cause new behavior
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john watson's research
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research how fear can lead to a phobie
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spontaneous recovery
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process by which the CS will again elicit the CR even after extinction
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taste aversion
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classicaly conditioned avoidance of a certain food or taste
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operant conditioning
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behavior becomes associated with its consequence
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law of effect
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satisfaction results will be more likely to be repeated
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reinforcer
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an object or even that comes after a response that changes the likelyhood of its reccurance
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positive reinforcement
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occurs when a desired reinforcer is presented after a certain behavior
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punishment
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an unpleasant event that occurs as a consequence of a behavior
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descriminative stimulus
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the cue that tells the organizism that specific response will lead to the expected reinforcement
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reinforcemnet schedule
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a continous or partial reinforcement given on a time schedule
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observational learning
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learning that occurs through watching others
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iconic memory
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the visual form of sensory memory
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echoic memory
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the auditory form os sensory memory
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long term memory
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hold a huge amount of information from hours to years
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primary effect
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increase memory for the first few stimuli in a set
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recency effect
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increased memory for the last few stimuli in a set
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episodic memory
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memories of events thast are associated with a particular context and time place and circumstances
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explicit memory
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memories that can be retrieved at will and represented in STM verbal and visual are explicit
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priming
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the result of having just preformed a task thast facilitates repeating the same or an associated task
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"knock out mice"
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when a gene is knocked out of a part of a genetic code of a mouse so that deleting all or crucial parts of a gene so it is disabled
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apolipoprotein E (APO) E Gene
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Is present in many people who develop alzheimers disease which devastates memory and also effects how the brain can store information
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consolidation
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the process of converting information to store dynamically in the LTM into a structural change in the brain
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depth of processing
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the number and complexity of the operations involved in process information expressed in a continuum from shallow to deep
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intentional leanring
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learning that occurs as a result of trying to learn
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incidental learning
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learning that occurs without intention
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recall
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the act of intentionally bringing explicit memories to awarness which reguires transfering information from LTM to STM
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recognition
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the act of encoding and input and matchiong it to a store representation
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false memories
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memories of events that did not occur
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retrograde amnesia
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amnesia that disrupts previous memories
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anterograde amnesia
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amnesia that leaves consolidtaed memories intact but prevents new learning
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semantics
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the meaning of the word or sentence
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person-situation controversy
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the raction of the person based on the situation given
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personality
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a consistant set of behavorial characteristics that people display over time and across certain situations
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interactionism
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a veiw of personality in which both traits and situations are believed to affect thoughts feelings and behaviors
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big five
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the five superfactors of personality extraversion, neurotisism, agreeablness, conscientiousness, and openess determined by factor analysis
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MMPI-2 (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - 2)
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a personality inventory primarially used to assess psychopathology
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projective test
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a method used to assess personalitry and psychopathology that involves asking the test taker to make sense of an ambiguious stimulation
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psychodynamic theory
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theory a theory of how thoughts and feelings affect behavior refers to the continual push and pull interactions among conscience and unconscious forces
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Freud
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a Viennese physician specializing in neurology developed a detail and subtle theory of how our thoughts and feelings affect our action
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Self-monitoring technique
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behavioral technigues that help the client identify the antecedents consequences and patterns of a problematic behavior
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Rational-emotive therapy RET
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emphasizes ration logical thinking and assumes that distressing feeling or symptoms are caused by faulty or illogical thoughts
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Unconscious
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outside conscious awareness and not able to be brought to consciousness at will
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Psychosexual stages
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Freuds developmental stages based on irogenous zones the specific needs of each stage must be met for its successful resolution
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defense mechanism
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an unconscios psychologial means by which a person tries to prevent unacceptable thoughts or urges from reaching conscience awareness
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Humanistic Psychologist
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assums people hav epositive values free will and deep inner creativity in which leads them to choose life fullfilling paths to personal growth
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Locus of control
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the source perceived to exerting control over lifes events
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psychological disorder
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the presence of a consilation of cognative emothional and behavioral symptoms that create significent stree impair work school family relationships or daily living or lead to a significient risk of harm
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diathesis
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a predisposition to a state or condition
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Rosenhan
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1973 tested people without psychological disorder gained admittance to psychiatriac hospitals by claming that they heard voices
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major depression
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a disorder charcterised by at least two weeks of depressed mood or loss of interest in nearly all activities along with sleep or eating problems
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bipolar disorder
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a mood disorder marked by one or more manic episodes often alternating with periods of depression
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Beck's "negative triad of depression"
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consists of a negative view of the world, self, and future
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Attributional style
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a persons characteristics way of explainging lifes events
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anxiety disorder
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a category of disorder whose halmark is intense or persuasive anxiety or fear or extreme attempts to avoid theses feelings
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obsession
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a recurrent or persistant thought impulse or image that feels intrusive and inapropriate and is difficult to supress or ignore
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Compulsion
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a repetive behavior or mental act that an individual feels compelled to perform in response to an obsession
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Schizopherenia
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a psychotic disorder in which the patient affects behavior and thoughts are profoundly altered
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Dopamine Hypothisis
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an overproduction of dopamine or an increased number of sensitivity of dopamine receptors was responsible for schizopherenia
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Behavior therapists
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a type of therapy that is bssed on well researched principals of learning and focuses on changing observable measurable behavior
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Behaviorable technique
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in the treatment of OCD exposure to the cause but using response prevention
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Aaron beck
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1967 found evidence of a negative triad of depression in the thoughts of depressed people
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“Psycho education”
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the process for education clients about therapy and research findings pertaining to their disorders or problems
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Cognitive-behavior therapy
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therapy that focuses on the clients thoughts rather than their feelings or behaviors
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Psychoanalysis
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an intensive form of therapy originaly developed by Freud based on the idea that peoples psychological difficulties are caused by conflicts among the id ego and superego.
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Psychodynamic therapy
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a theory of how thoughts and feelings affect behavior refers to the continual push and pull interactions among conscience and unconscious forces
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Client-centered therapy
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a type of insite oriented therapy that focuses on people potential for growth and the importance of an empathetic therapist
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Psychopharmacology
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a use of medication to treat psychological disorders and problems
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Antipsychotic medication
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medication that reduces psychotic symptoms
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Electroconvulsive therapy
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ECT a contolled brain seizure use to treat people with certain psychological disorders
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Group therapy
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a therapy modality in which a number of clients with compatible needs meet together with one or two therapists
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Individual therapy
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modality in which an individualk client is treated by an individual therapist
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Family therapists
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modality in which a family is treated
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Technical eclecticism
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the use of specific techniques that may benefit a particular client without regard for an over searching theory
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Carl Rogers
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assisted in the first real insight oriented alternative therapy session
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Self-help program
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a group whose members focus on a specific disoreder or event and don not usually have a clinically trained leader
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Delusion
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entrenched false beliefs that are often bizarre
Suicide self murderization |
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Individualist
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emphasizes the rights of the individual over the group
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