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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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structuralism
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analysis of basic elements that constitute mind (Wundt, Tichener)
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functionalism
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purpose mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environments (James)
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psychoanalysis
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understanding human behavior importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping thoughts and feelings (Freud)
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humanistic
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approach to understanding human nature emphasis positive human potential (Rogers, Maslow)
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behaviorism
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objectively observable behavior (Watson)
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Socrates Plato
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mind separate from body
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Aristotle
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knowledge grow from experience
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3 levels of analysis
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biological influence, psychological influence, social cultural influence
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Phrenology
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mental ability ranging from memory to happiness in brain regions (Gall)
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empiricism
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accurate knowledge acquired through obsevation
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hypothese
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falsifiable prediction made by theory
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reactivity
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people act differently when being observed
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reliability
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tendency for a measure to produce the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing
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demand characteristic
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those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think they should
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double blind observation
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observation whose true purpose is hidden both from the observer and person being observed
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mean
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average value of measurement
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correlation coefficient
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measure of direction and strength of a correlation
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third variable correlation
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2 variable correlated because each is casually related to a third variable
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independent variable
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variable that is manipulated
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dependent variable
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variable that is measured
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internal validity
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the characteristic of an experiment that establishes the casual relationship between variables
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external validity
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property of an experiment in which variables have been operationally defined in a normal typical or realistic way
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ethics in research
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respect person, research should be beneficial, research should be just
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dendrites
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part of neuron that receive information from other neurons and relays it to the cell body
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cell nucleus
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cell brain
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cell body
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coordinates information processing tasks keeps cell alive
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axon
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part of neuron that transmits information to other neurons muscles glands
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myelin sheath
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insulated layer of fatty material
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nodes of ranvier
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jump from node to node
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synapse
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junction or region between axon of 1 neuron and dendrites or cell body of another neuron
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interneurons
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neurons that connect sensory neurons motor neurons and other neurons
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motor neurons
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neurons that carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscle to produce movement
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sensory neurons
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neurons that receive information from the external world and convey this information to the brain via spinal cord
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mirror neurons
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copy neurons
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resting potential
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difference in electric charge between inside and outside of a neurons cell membrane
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refractory period
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time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated
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action potential
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electric signal that is conducted along a neuron's axon to a synapse
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all or none
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fires or doesn't fire
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reuptake
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neurotransmitter reabsorbed by the terminal button of presynaptic neuron's axon
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enzyme deactivation
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specific neurons breakdown specific neurotransmitters
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autoreceptor
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detect how much neurotransmitters been released into a synapse and signal neurons to stop releasing
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acetylcholine
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voluntary motion control
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dopamine
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regulates motor behavior motivation pleasure emotional arousal
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glutamine
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major excitatory neurotransmitters involved in information transmission throughout the brain
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GABA
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primary inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain
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norepinephrine
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neurotransmitters that is involved in regulation of sleep wakefulness eating and aggressive behavior
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endorphin
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chemical that act within the pain pathways and emotion centers of the brain
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agonist
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drug that increases the action of a neurotransmitter
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antagonist
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drugs that block the function of a neurotransmitters
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hindbrain
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information from spinal cord basic function of life
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cerebellum
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fine motor skills
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midbrain
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orientation and movement
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forebrain
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cognitive emotion sensory and motor function
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length
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specific color
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amplitude
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brightness
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purity
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saturation or richness of a color
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opponent process theory
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explains the phenomenon of after image
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receptive field
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detect edges
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sensory adaptation
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get used to a stimulus and don't notice it anymore
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absolute threshold
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the point at which an individual can detect a stimulus 50 % of the time
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webers law
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the JND of a stimulus is a constant proportion despite variation in intensity
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JND
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the smallest increase or decrease required to produce a different sensation this is noticeable 50% of the time
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transduction
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the process through which sensory receptors convert the sensory stimulation into electrochemical neural impulses
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sensory reception
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neurons in the brain that respond only to specific visual patterns
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sensation
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simple stimulation of a sense organ
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signal detection theory
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the concept that a police officer's perceptual sensitivity would be different from a students
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fovea
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this is the area of the retina where the vision is the clearest and there are no rods at all
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hyperopia
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farsighted
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blind spot
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a location on the visual field that produces no sensation on the retina because the corresponding area of the retina contains neither rods no cones
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trichromatic theory
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the idea that 3 different types of cones in different combination and to different degrees result in the perception of all colors
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myopia
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nearsighted
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cerebral cortex
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outermost layer of brain 2 hemisphere
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subcortical structure
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housed under cerebral cortex
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thalamus
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relay and filter information
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hypothalamus
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body temperature hunger thirst sexual behavior
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pituitary gland
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master gland releases hormones
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occipital lobe
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process visual information
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parietal lobe
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information about touch
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temporal lobe
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hearing and language
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frontal lobe
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thinking planning memory judgement
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brain plasticity
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brain can adapt to different things such as losing a limb
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prenatal development
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primitive parts of brain hind and mid brain developed first
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rods
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photorecptors for low light
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cones
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photoreceptors for regular light
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