Digestion

Front 1

Anatomy of digestive tract

Back 1

mouth; esophagus (no digestion happens here) ; stomach; small intestine; large intestine; rectum; anus

Front 2

alpha-amylase

Back 2

Contained in saliva it breaks down the long straight chains of starch into polysaccharides

Front 3

Peristaltic action

Back 3

Wave motion performed by smooth muscle that moves food down the digestive tract

Front 4

Stomach

Back 4

A very flexible pouch that both mixes and stores food, reducing it to a semifluid mass called chyme

Front 5

Mucous cells

Back 5

secrete mucous to protect the epithelial lining of the stomach and to allow food to slide through. Some mucous cells also secrete pepsinogen.

Front 6

Chief (peptic) cells

Back 6

Secrete pepsinogen which is activated to pepsin by low pH in the stomach

Front 7

Parietal cells

Back 7

Secrete HCl, which lowers the pH in the stomach and raises the pH of the blood

Front 8

G cells

Back 8

Secrete gastrin into the interstitium. Gastrin is a large peptide hormone which is absorbed by the blood and stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl

Front 9

Acetylcholine

Back 9

increases the secretion of all cell types

Front 10

Small intestine

Back 10

90% of digestion and absorption occurs in the small intestine. Made of 3 pieces smallest to largest: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Front 11

Duodenum

Back 11

Most digestion occurs in the duodenum. Has a pH of 6. Most absorption occurs in the jejunum and the ileum

Front 12

Vili

Back 12

outward protrusions that increase the surface area of the intestinal wall

Front 13

Lacteal

Back 13

Within each villus there is a capillary network and lymph vessel

Front 14

Microvilli

Back 14

On the cells that make up the villi there are much smaller microvilli. These microvilli further increase the surface area.

Front 15

Brush border

Back 15

Consists of the microvili and membrane bound digestive enzymes for carbohydrate, protein, and nucleotide digestion

Front 16

Goblet cells

Back 16

Secrete mucus to lubricate the intestine and help protect the brush border from mecanical and chemical damage

Front 17

Pancreas

Back 17

Acts as an exocrine gland, releasing enzymes from the acinar cells through the pancreactive duct

Front 18

Trypson and Chymotrypsin

Back 18

Released by the pancreas and activated by enzymes from the brush border. Reduces amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides

Front 19

Pancreatic amylase

Back 19

Released by the pancreas. Hydrolyzes polysaccharides to disaccharides and trisaccharides. Brush border enzymes breakdown the sacharides into glucose.

Front 20

Lipase

Back 20

Degrades fat, specifically triglycerides into monoglycerides and fatty acids

Front 21

Bile

Back 21

Produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder. Emulsifies fat.

Front 22

Paristalsis

Back 22

Moves chyme through the intestines

Front 23

Large intestine

Back 23

Major function is water absorption and electrolyte absoption. When the major function fails, diarrhea results

Front 24

Glycogenesis

Back 24

The formation of glycogen

Front 25

Glycogenolysis

Back 25

Takes place in the liver and is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose

Front 26

Urea

Back 26

Nearly all ammonia from protein breakdown is converted to urea by the liver and excreted as urine

Front 27

Functions of liver

Back 27

1. Blood Storage; 2. Blood filtration; 3. Carbohydrate metabolism; 4. Fat metabolism; 5. Protein metabolism; 6. Detoxification; 7.Erythrocyte destruction; 8. Vitamin storage

Front 28

Prothrombin/fibrinogen

Back 28

Are two important clotting factors

Front 29

Albumin

Back 29

Major osmoregulatory protein in the blood

Front 30

Functions of Kidney

Back 30

To excrete waste products such as urea, uric acid, ammonia, and phosphate. To maintain homeostasis of the body fluid, to help control plasma pH

Front 31

Medulla

Back 31

The inner cortex of the kidney

Front 32

Renal pelvis

Back 32

Urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the renal pelvis

Front 33

Bladder

Back 33

The renal pelvis is emptied by the ureter which carries urine to the bladder

Front 34

Urethra

Back 34

Bladder is then drained by the urethra

Front 35

Nephron

Back 35

The functional unit of the kidney

Front 36

ADH (aka Vasopressin)

Back 36

Mineral corticoid released by the adrenal cortex in response to low blood pressure. ADH levels will be raised in response to dehydration. Causes water to flow from the distal tubule which concentrates the filtrate

Front 37

Pathway of urine

Back 37

Kidney -> Renal pelvis -> ureter -> bladder -> urthra