Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Schizophrenia
|
A type of psychotic disorder, typically marked by difficulty with organised thought and speech.
|
|
|
Psychosis
|
Where a person attributes truth to their thoughts and sensory perceptions despite a conflicting external reality
|
|
|
Hallucinations
|
Perception in the absence of real stimuli (e.g. hearing voices)
|
|
|
Delusions
|
False beliefs (e.g. everyone is talking about me)
|
|
|
Kinds of symptoms of schizophrenia
|
- Positive: things added to the person's normal way of functioning
- Negative: take away something from a person's experience of the world - Cognitive: changes in thought processes |
|
|
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia
|
- Delusions: false beliefs (paranoia, e.g. 'people are talking about me')
- Hallucinations (e.g. hearing voices) - Disorganised speech (e.g. 'word salad') - Disorganised behaviour (e.g. dressing strangely) |
|
|
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
|
- Avolition: lack of motivation
- Asociality: withdrawal from social relationships - Alogia: loss of speech - Apathy: loss of emotional responsiveness |
|
|
Cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia
|
- Disorganised thinking
- Impairment of higher order thinking: decision making, organisation, concentration |
|
|
Diagnosis of schizophrenia
|
- At least two of: delusions, hallucinations, disorganised speech, grossly disorganised or catatonic behaviour, negative symptoms
- Symptoms for 6 months - Significant impact on work, study, daily tasks - Exclusion of other causes (e.g. drug use, brain tumour) Located on Axis I of DSM |
|
|
Biological factors in the development of schizophrenia
|
Bio:
- genetic links - drug-induced onset: drugs that increase dopamine. Can increase risk of disorder - changes in brain: enlarged ventricles -> loss of brain area in temporal and frontal lobes -> problems with memory, thinking and emotions; hypofrontality, less activity in prefrontal cortex - neurotransmitters: high levels of dopamine (hallucinations, delusions, unorganised thinking), low levels of glutamate (slower cognitive processing, seen in negative symptoms) |
|
|
Psychological factors in the development of schizophrenia
|
Impairments in memory and reasoning:
- poor memory can disrupt social interactions, work/study, everyday actions. - reasoning needed for goal-directed behaviours In schizophrenia people tend to link pieces of information, jump to conclusions, and make poor judgements |
|
|
Social and environmental factors in the development of schizophrenia
|
- Social disadvantage: low SES, social drift (disadvantage, impair work) & social causation (low SES, stress)
- Trauma and environmental stressors: physical (pregnancy/birth complications, sunlight), psychological (e.g. abuse, death of parents) |
|
|
Social causation theory
|
Theory that environmental factors such as social disadvantage influence the development of schizophrenia
|
|
|
Social drift theory
|
Theory explaining the socio- economic decline that follows the onset of schizophrenia in some sufferers (work impairment, stigma)
|
|
|
Biological treatment for schizophrenia
|
Older drugs treated positive symptoms, reduced effects of dopamine
Newer drugs help treat positive and negative symptoms. Drugs are anti-psychotics, and inhibit dopamine release Side effects: tardive dyskinesia (constant involuntary facial movements). |
|
|
Psychological treatment/management of schizophrenia (summary)
|
- Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
- Cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) - Stress management |
|
|
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for treating/managing schizophrenia
|
To help the anxiety that may be caused by the disorder
Includes relaxation techniques, strategies to help identify irrational thinking and evaluate responses. Also helps person avoid drugs and alcohol |
|
|
Cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) for treating/managing schizophrenia
|
Improves cognitive abilities (e.g. processing speed, concentration, memory).
Includes computer based, pen an paper, or group tasks. Also compensatory aspects: keeping diaries, routines to overcome memory deficits |
|
|
Stress management for managing schizophrenia
|
Stress can exacerbate symptoms.
Techniques include relaxation and deep breathing |
|
|
Social factors in the treatment of schizophrenia (summary)
|
- Psychoeducation
- Supportive social environment - Family |
|
|
Psychoeducation in the management of schizophrenia
|
- Teaching person and family/friends about disorder
- Can help to identify early signs of episodes and put strategies in place to stop this - Can help reduce stigma and discrimination, and improve self-esteem |
|
|
Supportive social environment in the management of schizophrenia
|
- Support groups, social skills training and social networks
- Help connect with others and learn life skills: communication, self-care and managing money, etc. |
