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388 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the major risk factors to inpatient suicide? |
Severe anxiety and panic, global insomnia, severe anhedonia, and alcohol abuse
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Though Broadcasting
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Belief that thoughts are broadcast from one's head to the world so that others can hear them. Delusion or hallucination.
Hallucination, subject hears his own thoughts from the outside, not just within his head. |
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Thought Insertion
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Thoughts are inserted into one's mind that are not their own. NOT FROM THE DEVIL OR GOD.
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Thought Withdrawal
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Thoughts have been removed from one's head. Diminished number of thoughts remain. Rare.
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Delusions of being controlled
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Feelings, impulses, thoughts or actions are not one's own. Imposed by an external force. Doesn't include the mere conviction that he is acting as an agent of god. Curse, victim of fate, not assertive, or someone is attmpeting to control.
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Bizarre delustions
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Delusions in the absence of the manic or depressive syndrome suggest Schizophrenia.
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Flight of Ideas
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Accelerated speech w/ abrupt changes from topic to topic usually based on understandable associations, distracting stimuli or play on words. When severe the associations may be so difficult to understand that loosening of associations or incoherence may also be present.
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Non-affective Hallucinations of Any type
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Hallucinations in any modality in which the content has no apparent relationship to either depression or elation. Do not rate as present if limited to voices saying only one or two words such as his name.
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Impaired understanding of speech due to psychopathology
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Lack of logical or meaningful connections between words, phrases, or sentences; excessive use of incomplete sentences which is not seen as part of psychomotor retardation; excessive irrelevancies.
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Loosening of associations
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schizo
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Neologisms
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Distoritions of words, new words invented by the subject or standard words.
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What is the in the HPI of a psych complaint?
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why did the patient come to the doctor?
Description of current episode Events leading up to current moment How work and relationshipst are affected. Patients support system Relationship between physical and psychological symptoms Vegetative symptoms Psychotic symptoms Past episodes Baseline - functioning when well - developmental Hx - Life values, goals - Evidence of secondary gain. |
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What are vegetative symptoms?
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insomnia, loss of appetite, problems with concentrating.
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What are the components of the mental status exam?
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Appearance
Speech Thought Process Mood/Affect Perception Insight/Judgement Sensorium/Cognition Suicidal/Homicidal ideation. |
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What should you look for when evaluating appearance for the Mental Status Exam?
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Physical- clothing, hygiene, posture, grooming
Behavior- mannerisms, tics, eye contact Attitude- cooperative, hostile, guarded, seductive, apathetic. |
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What should you look for when evaluating speech for the Mental Status Exam?
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Rate- slow, average, rapid, or pressured
Volume- soft, average, or loud articulation- well articulated vs. lisp, stutter, mumbling Tone- angry vs. pleading |
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What should you look for when evaluating mood for the Mental Status Exam?
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mood is a quote from the patient
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What should you look for when evaluating affect for the Mental Status Exam?
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range of emotional expression
quality- depth and range: flat (none), blunted (shallow), constricted (limited), full (average), intense (more than normal) Motility- describes how quickly a person appears to shift emotional states- sluggish, supple, labile Appropriateness- congruent |
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What are the side effects of lithium?
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weight gain
Tremor GI Fatigue Arrhythmias Seizures Goiter/hypothyroidism Leukocytosis Coma Polyuria Polydipsia Alopecia Metallic taste. |
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What should you look for when evaluating thought process for the Mental Status Exam?
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Loosening of associations- no logical connectoin from one thought to another
Flight of ideas- a fast stream of very tangential thoughts Neologisms- made-up words Clang associations- word connects from phonetics Thought Blocking- Abrupt cessation of communication before the idea is finished Tangentiality- point of conversations never reached due to lack of goal-directed associations between ideas |
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Loosening of associations
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no logical connection from one thought to another
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Neologisms
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made-up words
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Word salad
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incoherent collection of words
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clang associations
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connections due to phonetics
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thought blocking
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abrupt cessation of communication
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tangentiality
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point of conversation never reached due to lack of goal directed associations between ideas
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Circumstantiality
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point of conversation is reached after circuitous path
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Poverty of thought vs overabundance
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too few vs. too many ideas expressed
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Delusions
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fixed, false beliefs that are not shared by the person's culture and cannot be changed by reasoning.
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Suicidal and homicidal thoughts
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feels like harming oneself or others.
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wha tare some delusions?
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grandeur
paranoid reference |
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Schizophrenia
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psych disorder with abnormal thinking, emotion and behavior.
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what are the positive symps of schizo?
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hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, or thought disorder
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what are the negative symps of schizo?
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blunted affect, anhedonia, apathy, and inattentiveness.
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What are the three phases of schizo?
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prodromal- decline in functioning that precedes the first psychotic episode. The patient may become socially withdrawn and irritable. He or she may have physical complaints and/or newfound interest in religion or the occult
Psychotic- perceptual disturbances, delusions, and disordered though process/contenet Residual- occurs between episodes of psychosis. Makred by flat affect, social withdrawal, and odd thinking or behavior Pts continue to have hallucinations |
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What are the DSM-IV criteria for Schizo?
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2 or more for 1 month:
1. Delusions 2. Hallucinations 3. Disorganized speech 4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior 5. Negative symptoms Must cause significant social or occupational functional deterioration. Duration of illness for at least 6 months- including prodromal or residual perios in which above criteria may not be met Symptoms not due to medical neurological or substance-induced disorder |
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What is paranoid schizo?
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Highest functioning type
- older - preoccupatioon with one or more delusions or frequent auditory hallucinations - no predominance of disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior, or inappropriate affect |
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What is disorganized schizo?
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poor functioning type, early onset
- disorganized speech - disorganized behavior - flat or inappropriate affect |
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What is catatonic schizo?
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Rare
must have 2 of the following: - motor immobility - excessive purposeless motor activity - extreme negativism or mutism - peculiar voluntary movements or posturing - echolalia or echo praxia |
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What is undifferentiated schizo?
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characteristic of more than one subtype or none of the subtypes.
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What is residual schizo?
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prominent negative symptoms with minimal positive symptoms
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What are findings on psychiatric of schizophrenics?
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Disheveled
Flattened affect Disorganized thought process Intact memory and orientation Auditory Hallucinations Paranoid delusions Ideas of reference (made by televisions or newspaper) Concrete understanding of similarities/proverbs Lack of insight |
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What is the epi of schizo?
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1% of people
Men- 20, more severe, more negative symps Women- 30 better functioning rare before 15 and after 45 50% monozygotes 40% w/ both parents 12% if 1 1st degree relative Substance abuse. Postpsychotic depression in 50% Winter and early spring. |
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What is downard drift in schizo?
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many of those with low SES are schizo.
although they may be because they can't function in society. |
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What is the dopamine hypothesis in schizo?
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Prefrontal cortical- negative symps.
Mesolimbic- positive symps |
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Where does neuroleptic therapy cause problems?
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Tuberoinfundibular- hyperprolactinemia
Nigrostriatal- extrapyramidal symps. |
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Other than dopamine, what neurotransmitters are involved in Schizo?
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Serotonin- risperidone and clozapine antagonize serotonin
Norepi- long term use of antipsychotic decreases noradrenergic neurons Decreased GABA- in hippocampus which activates dopa. |
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What in schizo indicates a good outcome?
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Late onset
Good social support Positive symptoms Mood symptoms Acute onset Female Few relapses Good premorbid functioning |
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What in schizo can lead to a bad outcome?
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Early onset
Poor social support Negative symps FHx Gradual onset Male Relapses Poor premorbid functioning |
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What is the Rx for schizo?
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typical and atypical neuroleptics
Behavior therapy family and group therapy |
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What are the typical neuroleptics?
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Chlorpromazine, thioridazine, trifluoperazine, haloperidol. Dopa antags. Treat + symps.
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What are the atypical neuroleptics?
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Risperidone
Clozapine Olanzapine Quetiapine Aripiprazole Ziprosidone antagonize serotonin. Treate neg symps. 4 wks |
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What si the DSM for Bipolar I?
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1 manic or mixed episode.
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What is the epi of bipolar I?
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lifetime prevalence of 1%
Women=Men No ethnic differences Onset before 30 |
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Etiology
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biologic, environment, psychosocial, genetic
1st degree relatives are 8-18x more likely to develop the illness. Concordance rates for MZ twins are approximately 75% and rates for dizygotic twins are 5-25%. |
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What is the course of Bipolar I?
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untreted manic episosed last 3 months. Chronic course with relapses.
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DIG FAST |
Distractable
Insomnia Grandiosity Flight of ideas Activity/agitation Speech- pressured Thoughtlessness |
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What is DSM for manic episodes?
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Distractibility
Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity goal directed activity decreased need for sleep flight of ideas or racing thoughts more talkative or pressured speech excessive involvement in pleasurable activites that havea high risk of negative consequences. |
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What are the SEs of TCAs?
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Antihistamine- Sedation
Antiadrenergic- Orthostatic hypotension, tachy, arrhythmias Antimuscarinic- dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, blurred vision, tachy Weight gain Lethal in OD MAJOR: 3Cs: Convulsions, coma, cardiotoxicity |
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What are the TCAs?
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Don't Call Dad I Am Too Nuts
Desipramine Clomipramine Doxepin Imipramine Amitriptyline Trimipramine Nortryptyline |
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What is special about Nortriptyline?
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least likely to cause orthostatic hypotension
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What is special about Desipramine?
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least sedation, least anticholinergic SEs
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What is special about Clomipramine?
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most serotonin specific, useful for OCD
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What are the SSRIs?
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For Sadness, Put Flowers Close Enough
Fluoxetine Sertraline Paroxetine Fluvoxamine Citlaopram Escitalopram |
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What is special about fluoxetine?
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Prozac
longest half life with active metbolites. No tapering. Okay to miss a dose |
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What is special about sertraline?
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Zoloft
highest risk for GI issues |
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What is special about Paroxetine?
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Paxil
Serotonin specific, activating (stimulant) |
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What is special about fluvoxamine?
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Luvox
only for OCD |
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What is special about citalopram?
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Celexa, used in europe prior to FDA approval
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What is speical about Escitalopram?
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Lexapro
Similar to citalopram, fewer side effects, more expensive |
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What are the SEs of SSRIs?
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sexual dysfunction
GI disturbance Insomina Headache Anorexia, weight loss Serotonin syndrome. |
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What are the MAOIs?
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Phenelzine (nardil)
Tranylcypromine (Parnate) Isocarboxazid (Marplan) |
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Wha are the common side effects of MAOIs
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Orthostatic hypotension, drowsiness, weight gain, sexual dysfunction, dry mouth, sleep dysfunction.
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What is serotonin syndrome?
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SSRIs and MAOIs are takent together--> lethargy, restlessness, confusion, flushing, diaphoresis, tremor, and myoclonic jerks. May progress to hyperthermia, hypertonicity, rhabdomyolysis, renal failure, convulsions, coma, and death.
2 wks needed to switch. |
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What is hypertensive crisis with MAOIs?
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MAOI and tyramine foods or sympathomimetics cause a buildup of stored catecholamines.
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Venlafaxine:
What type of drug is it? When is it effective? What are some SEs? What is a contraindication? |
SNRI
Treates refractory depression and CAP. Low drug interaction potentional SEs- Similar to SSRIs,a nd can increase BP, should not be used in untreated or labile BP. Withrdawal occurs after 1-3 doses missed.- flulike symps, and electric shocks |
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Buproprion:
What type of drug is it? When is it effective? What are some SEs? What is a contraindication? |
NDRI
Smoking, SAD, ADHD. No sexual SEs. High doses can bring out psychosis. |
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Nefazodone and Trazodone:
What type of drug is it? When is it effective? What are some SEs? What is a contraindication? |
NDRIs
Refractory major depression, major depression w/ anxiety and insomnia. SEs- nausea, dizziness, orthostatic hyppotension, cardiac arrhythmias, sedation, and priapism- trazodone |
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Mirtazapine:
What type of drug is it? When is it effective? What are some SEs? What is a contraindication? |
NASA
Treats refractory major depression, espcially in those who need to gain weight. SEs- sedation, weight gain, dizziness, somnolence, tremor, and agranulocytosis. Maximal sedative effect at doses of 15mgs or less. High doses, more ne uptake and less sedations. |
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What antidepressant is good for chronic pain?
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TCAs
diabetic neuropathy, fibromyalgia, migraine HAs. Lower than depression. Nortrip, amytriptyline |
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What antidepressant is good for Bulimia?
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SSRIs in high doeses. MAOI, TCA are somewhat helpfulbut MAOIs may be bad for diet.
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What antidepressant is good for OCD?
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SSRIs, and clomipramine.
Obsessions respond better than compulsions. Trichotillomania and body dysmorphic disorder may also respond. |
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What antidepressant is good for Panic Disorder?
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SSRIs,
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What antidepressant is good for PTSD?
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SSRI and MAOI
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Which TCAs are 3ry?
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Amitriptyline
Clomipramine Doxepin Imipramine Trimipramine |
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What TCAs are 2ry?
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Desipramine
Nortriptyline amoxapine Protiptyline |
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What TCA has 4 benzene rings?
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Maprotiline
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What drug should be used for old cachetic people?
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Mirtazapine
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What is an issue with Venlafaxine?
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hard to stop treatment.
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What drug has the lowest "switch" rate?
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buproprion.
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What are teh low potency antipsychotics?
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Chlorpromazine
Thioridazine. lower affinity for dopa receptors and higher dose is needed. higher incidence of anticholinergic and antihistaminic side effects. lower extrapyramidal dise effects and lower neuroleptic malignant syndrome |
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What are the high potency antipsychotics?
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Haloperidol
Fluphenazine Trifluoperazine Perphenazine Pimozide Higher inscidence of extra-pyramidal SEs adn neuro malig syndrome. |
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What typical antipsychotics are available in long-acting forms?
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haloperidol and fluphenazine.
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What are the Anti-dopa SEs of typical antipsychotics?
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Extrapyramidal
- parkinsonism- masklike face, cogwheel, pill rolling - Akathisisa- subjective anxiety and restlessness, objective fidgeting - dystonia- sustained contraction of muscles of neck, tongue, eyes HyperPRL- leading to decreased libido, galactorrhea, gynecomastia, impotence, amenorrhea, osteoporosis Rx- decrease dose. administer antipark, antichol, antihistamine. |
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What are the anti-HAM effects of antipsychotics?
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decreased sedation
orthostatic hypotension, cardiac abnlties, and sex dysfunction antimuscarinic- dry mouth, tachycardia, urinary retention, blurry vision, constipation. |
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What are the SEs of antipsychotics?
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1.Antidopa
2.anti-HAM 3.Weight Gain 4.increased liver, jaundice 5.ophthalmologic problems- pigmentation w/ Mellaril 6.Dermatologic problems, including rashes and photosensitivity 7. Seizures. 8. tardive dyskinesia 9. nueoleptic malignant syndrome |
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What is tardive dyskinesia?
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choreoathetoid movments of mouth and tongue that occures in pts who have used neuroleptics for moer than 6 months. most common in older women. 50% remit.
Rx- discontinue antipsychotic |
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What is neuroleptic malignant syndrome?
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FALTER
F- fever A- Autonomic instability L- Leukocytosis T- Tremor E- Elevated CPK R- Rigidity rare, males early in Rx. 20% mortality rate if untreated. preceded by catatonic state. |
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What is the Rx for neuroleptic malignant syndrome?
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involves discontinuation of current meds and administration of supportive medical care (hydration, cooling)
Na dantrolene, bromocriptine, and amantadine are useful but have side effects. not an allergic reaction. Pt not prevented from restarting a neuroleptic. |
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what are the atypicial antipsychotics?
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Clozapine
Risperidone Quetiapine Olanzapine Ziprasidone Fewer side effects, treats neg symps. |
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What are the SEs of the atypical antipsychotics?
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anti-Ham
clozapine- agranulocytosis olanzapine- hyperlipidemia, glucose intolerance, weight gain, liver toxicity, monitor LFTs Quetiapine- less weight gain, can cause cataracts. |
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what is the major SE of clozapine that we worry about?
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agranulocytosis
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What are the SEs of quetiapine?
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Quetiapine- less weight gain, can cause cataracts.
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What are the SEs of olanzapine?
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olanzapine- hyperlipidemia, glucose intolerance, weight gain, liver toxicity, monitor LFTs
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Lithium:
use? onset of action? good blood levels? |
for mood stabalization; manic episodes, depression.
5-7 days to act therapeutic range- .7-1.2 toxic >1.5 lethal >2.0 |
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What are the side effects of lithium?
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tremor
sedation ataxia thirst metallic taste polyuria edema weight gain GI probs benign leukocytosis thyroid enlargement hypothyroid nephrogenic DI toxic levels= altered mental status, coarse tremors, convulsions, and death. Monitor blood levels, TSH, and GFR. |
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Carbamazepine
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anticonvulsante treating mixed episodes. rapid-cycling bipolar disorder.
- trigeminal neuralgia. blocks Na channels and inhibs action potential. action is 5-7 days. |
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what are the SEs of Carbamazepine?
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skin rash
drowsiness ataxia slurred speech leukopenia hyponatremia aplastic anemia and agranulocytosis. elevates liver enzymes and has teratogenic effects. check a CBC and LFTs. |
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What affects Li levels?
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NSAIDS decrease
Dehydration, salt deprivation, impaired renal function increase aspirin and diuretics? |
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valproic acid
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anticonvulsant that treats mixed manic epsodes and rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Mech of action is unknown, but has been shown to increase levels of GABA in the central nervous system
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What are the SEs of Valproic Acid?
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sedation, weight gain, alopecia, hemorrhagic pancreatitis, hepatotoxicity, and thrombocytopenia.
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When are anxiolytics used?
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anxiety
muscle spasm seizure sleep disorder alcohol withdrawal anethesia |
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What aer the long acting benzos?
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chlordiazepoxide- alcohol detox, presurgery anxiety
diazepam- rapid onset, Rx of anxiety and seizure control flurazepam- rapid onset, Rx of insomnia. |
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what are teh intermediate acting benzos?
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Alprazolam- panic attacks
clonazepam- Rx of panic attacks, anxiety lorazepam- Rx of panic attacks, adn alcohol w/drawal ternazepam- Rx of insomnia |
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What are teh short acting benzos
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Oxazepam
Triazolam- rapid onset, insomnia. |
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what are the SEs of benzos
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drowsiness, impairment of intellectual functioning, reduced motor coordination.
Tox- resp depression in OD, esp when combined w/ alcohol. |
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Zolpidem/ Zaleplon
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short term insomnia Rx
selectively bind to benzo binding site no anticonvulsant or muscle relaxant properties no withdrawal effects minimal rebound insomnia little or no tolerance/dependence occurs w/ prolonged use. Sonata- newer, has shoerter half-life. not a benzo |
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Buspirone
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alternative to Benzo or venlafaxine for anxiety
slower onset of action. 1-2 wks for effect Anxiolytic action is at 5HT-1A receptor does not potentiate the CNS depression of alcohol low potential for abuse/addiction |
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Propranolol
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treats autonomic effects of panick attacks or performance anxiety- palpitations, sweating, and tachy. treats akathisia.
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What drugs cause psychosis
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Caused by sympathomimetics, analgesic, antibiotics, anticholinergics, anticonvulsants, antihistamines, corticosteroids, and antiparkinsonian agents.
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what meds cause agitation?
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antipsychotics, antidepressants, antiarrhythmics, antineoplastics, corticos, cardiac glycosides, NSAIDs, Anti asthmatics, antibiotics, antiHTNs, antiparkinsonian agents, thyroid hornmones
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What drugs cause depression
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antiHTNs, antiparkinsonians, corticos
ca channel blockers, NSAIDs, antibiotics, and peptic ulcer drugs. |
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What drugs cause anxiety
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Sympathomimetics, antiasthmatics, antiparkinsonian, hypoglycemics, NSAIDs and thyroid hormones
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What drugs cause sedation/poor concentration?
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antianxietys, antichols, antibiontics, antihistamines.
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what is psychosis?
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a break from reality involving delusions, perceptual disturbances , or disordered thnking. Schizo and substance induced psychosis are common
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What is disordered thought?
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disorders of process or content
- content- delusions, ideas of reference, and loss of ego - process- linking of words. |
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Paranoid delusion
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irrational belief that one is being persecuted
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Ideas of reference
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some event is uniquely related through the individual
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Hallucination
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auditory- schizos
visual- drugs olfactory- epilepsy tactile- drugs or alcohol |
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What is an illusion?
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minterpretation of an existing stimulis
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What is the DDx of psychosis?
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2ry to general medical condition
substance induced delirium/dementia bipolar MDD brief psychotic disorder schizo schizophreniform disorder schizoaffective disorder delusional disorder |
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what are the medical causes of psychosis?
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CNS- CVD, MS, neoplasm, Parkinsons, huntingtons, temporal lobe, encephalitis, prions
Endocrine- addisons/cushings, hyper/hypothyroid, hyper/hypocalcemia, hypopituitary Nutritional- B12, folate, niacin Other- SLE, temporal arteritis, prophyria DSM IV- prominent hallucinations or delusions. Symps do not occur only during delirium, evidence supports medical cause. |
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What are the substances that induce psychosis?
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antidepressants, antiparkinsonians, antiHTNs, anti histamines, anticonvulsants, digitalis, beta blockers, anti TB, corticos, hallucinogens, amphetamines, opiates, bromide, heavy metal toxicity, and alcohol
DSM-VI- hallucinations, delusions Symps not during delirium Evidence to support meds or substance related cauase from lab data, Hx, or physical Disturbance is not better accounted for by a psychotic disorder that is not substance induced. |
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what si the DSM IV for schizoaffective?
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meet criteria for either MDD, manic episode, or mixed.
have had delusions or hallucinations for 2 wks in the absence of mood disorder. mood symptoms are present during substantial part of psychotic illness. |
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What is the DSM IV for brief psychotic disorder
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Pts w/ psychotic symps for 1 day to 1 month.
50 - 80% recover 20-50%-> schizo |
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What is the DSM IV for delusional disorder?
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nonbizarre, fixed delusions for at least 1 month.
not schizo functioning in live not impaired. |
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What are the types of delusions?
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erotomanic type- delusion revolves around love
grandiose- inflated self-worth somatic- physical persecutory- delusions of being persecuted jealous- unfathfulness mixed- more than 1 |
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What is delusional disorder
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occursin older pts after 40. Immigrants and the hearing impaired.
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What is the DSM IV for shared psychotic disorder?
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same delusional symps as someone he or she is in a close relationship with.
40% improve from removeal of the other person. |
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What are the culturally specific psychosis with:
Asia Malaysia Africa? |
asia- koro- penis is shrinking, will disappear and cause death
Malaysia- Amok- outbursts of violence of which one does not remember--> suicide Africa- Brain fag- headache, fatigue, and visual disturbances in males. |
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What is schizotypal personality disorder?
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paranoid, odd or magical beliefs, eccentric, no friends, social anxiety.
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What is schizoid personality disorder?
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withdrawn, lack of enjoyment from social interactions, emotionally restricted.
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What are mood episodes vs. mood disorders?
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mood episodes are distinct periods of time in whihc some abnl mood is pressent. Mood disorders are defined by their patterns of mood episodes.
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What are the types of mood episodes?
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Major depressive episode
manic episode mixed episode hypomanic episode |
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What are teh main mod disorders?
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Major depressive disorder
Bipolar I Bipolar II Dysthymic Cyclothymic |
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What is the DSM IV for a Major depressive Episode?
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5 of the following for 2 wks:
Depressed mood anhedonia change in appetite or body weight feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt insomnia or hypersomnia diminished concentration Psychomotor agitation or retardation Fatigue or loss of energy Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide NOT due to substance use or medical conditions and must cause social or occupational impairment |
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What is the relationship between MDD and suicide?
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MDD has a 15% risk in committing suicide
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What is the DSM IV for Manic Episode?
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period of abnlly and persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood lasting at least 1 wk and including at least 3 of the following:
Distractibility Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity Increase in goal-directed activity decreased need for sleep flight of ideas/racing thoughts more talkative or pressured speech Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high risk of negative consequences |
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What is a mixed episode?
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meets criteria for both manic and major depressive episodes. present every day for 1 wk. psyhchiatric emer
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What are the criteria for hypomanic episode?
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elevated, expansive, or irritable mood that includes at least 3 of the symps listed for manic episode.
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What are the differences between manic episode and hypomanic?
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mania- 7 days; severe impairment; may necessitate hospitalization to prevent harm to self or others; psychotic features
Hypomania- 4 days, no impairment in social functioning, no hospitalization, no psychotic features. |
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What are medical causes of depressive episode?
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Cerebrovasc disease
Cushings, addisons, hypoglycemia, hyper/hypoTH, hyper/hypocalcemia Parkinsons Viral illnesses Carcinoid Cancer- lymphoma and pancreatic Collagen vasc disease- SLE |
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What are medical causes of Mania?
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Metabolic- HyperTH
Neuro- temporal lobe seizures, MS Neoplasms HIV |
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What meds/substances induce depression?
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EtOH
Antihypertensives Barbiturates Corticosteroids Levodopa Sedative-hypnotics Anticonvulsants Antipsychotics Diuretics Sulfonamides W/drawal from psychostimulants- cocaine, amphetamines |
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What meds/Substance induce mania?
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Corticosteroids
Sympathomimetics Dopamine Agonists Antidepressants Bronchodilators Levodopa |
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What is the DSM IV for MDD?
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At least one major depressive episode
No Hx of manic or hypomanic episode. SAD- only during the winter |
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What is the epi of MDD?
|
Lifetime- 15%
Onset at any age, average age is 40 2x as prevealent in women than men No ethnic or socioeconomic differences Prevalence in elderly from 25-50%. |
|
What are teh sleep problems associated with MDD?
|
Multiple awakenings
Initial and terminal insomnia hypersomnia REM early in night. decreased 3 and 4 |
|
What are teh abnlties of serotonin in depression?
|
decreased brain and CSF levels of serotonin and 5-HIAA found in depressed pts.
Abnl regulation of beta-adrenergic receptors found as well. Drugs increase availabiility of serotonin, NE, and dopa alleviate symps of depression. |
|
what neuroendocrine abnlties can cause depression? |
High cortisol- hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis shown by failure to suppress cortisol levels in dexamethasone suppresion test
Abnl thyroid axis- associated with depressive symps and 1/3rd of pts w/ MDD who have otherwise normal thyroid hormone levels show blunted response of TSH to infusion of TRH. Not specific to major depression. GABA also plays a role |
|
How do psychosocial events play a role in depression?
|
loss of a parent before age 11. Stable family and social functioning have been shown to be good prognostic indicators in the course of major depression.
|
|
What role does genetics play in depression?
|
1st degree relatives are 2 or 3x more likely to have MDD. Concordance rate for MZ twins is about 50% and 10-25% for dizigotic
|
|
What is the course and prognosis for MDD?
|
if left untreated, they are self-limiting. last 6-13 months. occur more frequently as disorder progresses. risk of subsequent episode is 50% w/in 1st 2 yrs. 15% commit suicide
Antidepressants medications significantly reduce the length and severity of symptoms. may be used prophylactically between episodes. 75% treated successfully |
|
What is the Rx for MDD?
|
hospitalization if at rist for suicide, homicide, or unable to care for self
SSRI- safe and better tolerated; SEs mild, include headache, GI, Sex, and rebound anxiety TCA- most lethal in OD; SEs- sedation, weight gain, ortho hypotension, and anti-chol. aggravate prolonged QTC MAOI- useful for Rx of refractory depression; risk of HTN crisis when used w/ wympathomimetics or ingestion of tyramine-rich foods. Adjuvant stimulants; action is rapid, dependence limits use. antipsychotics- useful in pts w/ psychotic features. Thyroid, Li, or tryptophan for notn responders Psychotherapy- behavioral, cognitive, supportive, dynamic psychotherapy and family therapy. |
|
ECT and MDD?
|
indicated if pt is unresponsive to pharmacotherapy, if pt cannot tolerate pharmacotherapy, if pt cannot tolerate pharmacotherapy, or if rapid reduction of symptoms is desired.
safe, used in conjunction with pharm. premedication w/ atropine, genearl anesthesia, generalized seizure si induced. Approximately 8 treatments are administered over a 2-3 wk period. Significant improvement after after 1st Rx. retrograde amnesia is a common side effect. disappears w/in 6 mths. |
|
What is melancholic depression?
|
40-60% of pts w/ major dpression. Anhedonia, early morning awakenings, psychomotor disturbance, excessive guilt, and anorexia. May diagnose MDD w/ melancholic
|
|
What is atypical depresion?
|
hypersomnia, hyperphagia, reactive mood, leaden paralysis, and hyprsensitivity to rejection
|
|
What is catatonic depression?
|
catalepsy, purposeless motor activity, extreme negativism, bizarre postures, echolalia.
|
|
What is psychotic depression?
|
10-25% of hospitalized depressions. Delusions or hallucinations.
|
|
what is the epi of bipolar?
|
1%
women=men no ethnic differences onset before 30 |
|
What is the etiology of bipolar?
|
biological, environmental , psychosocial and genetics are important
1st degree relatives are 8-18x more likely to have the illness MZs are 75%, and dizogotes are 5-25% |
|
What is the course and prognosis of bipolar
|
untreated manics episodes last 3 monnths. course is chronic w/ relapses.
only 50-60 improve |
|
what is the Rx for bipolar?
|
Pharm
Lithium- mood stabalizer anticonvulsants- mood for rapid changing bipolar disorder and mixed episodes Olanzapine- typical antipsychotic Psychotherapy - supportive, family, group ECT - works well in treatment of manic episodes - requires more treatments than for depression. |
|
What is rapid cycling?
|
4 or more mood episodes in a year.
|
|
how do you Rx catatonic depression?
|
antidepressant and antipsychotics concurrently
|
|
what is the epi of bipolar II?
|
.5% prevalence
more common in women before age 30 no ethnic differences |
|
What is the DSM IV for dysthymic disorder?
|
chronic mild depression, 2 yrs (kids 1 yr)
2 of the following: - poor concentration - feelings of hopelessness - poor appetite or overeating - insomnia or hypersomnia - low energy or fatigue - low self-esteem in 2yr period - not been w/o symps for > 2 months - no major depressive episode |
|
What is double depression?
|
MDD and Dysthymic disorder
|
|
What is the EPI of dysthymia?
|
6% prevalence
2-3x more common in women onset before age 25 in 50% |
|
What is teh course and prognosis of dysthymic disorder?
|
20% of pts develop major depression. 20% will develop bipolar disorder and >25% have lifelone symps
|
|
what is the Rx for dysthymic?
|
cognitive therapy, insight-oriented psychotherapy
antidepressants |
|
What is anxiety?
|
subjective experience of ear and its physical manifestations: plapitations, perspiration, dizziness, mydriasis, gastrointestinal disturbances, and urinary urgency and frequency
|
|
What are medical causes of anxiety? |
Hyperthyroid |
|
What are meds/substances that can cause anxiety?
|
Caffeine
Amphetamines Alcohol adn sedative w/drawal other illicits w/drawal Mercury or Arsenic toxicity Organophosphate or benzene toxicity Penicillin Sulfonamides Sympathomimetics Antidepressants |
|
What is a panic attack?
|
discrete period of heightened anxiety that occurs in pts w/ a panic disorder. May occur in other mental disorders. PTSD.
Peak in several minutes and subside w/in 25 minutes. Rarely > 1hr. attacks are unexpected or provoked by specific triggers. May be described as a sudden rush of fear. |
|
What is teh DSM IV of a panic attack?
|
4 of the following:
palpitations sweating shaking SOB choking sensation chest pain nausea light-headedness Deprsonalization Fear of losing control or going crazy Fear of dying Numbness or tingling Chills or hot flushes. |
|
What is the DSM IV of Panic Disorder?
|
panic attacks w/ fear of future attacks
1. spontaneous recurrent attacks w/ no obvious precipitant 2. at least one attack followed by 1 month of : - persistent concern of additional attacks - worry about implications of attack - significant change in behavior related to the attacks |
|
What are the two types of panic disorder?
|
With and without agoraphobia.
|
|
What can induce a panic attack?
|
hyperventilation or inhalation of CO2. Caffeine and nicotine
|
|
What is the epi of panic disorder?
|
2-5% prevalence
2-3x more common in females strong genetic component onset from late teens to early thirties. |
|
What conditions are associated w/ panic disorder?
|
major dpression (40-80%)
substance use (20-40%) social and specific phobias Obsessive-compulsive disorder |
|
what is the prognosis of panic disorder?
|
10-20% of pts have significant symptoms that interfere w/ daily functioning
50% continue to have mild, infrequent symps 30-40% are free of symptoms after treatment |
|
What is the meds for acute initial Rx of anxiety?
|
Benzos- tapered dose w/ SSRIs institutued
Beta blockers are not as good. |
|
What can be used for maintenance therapy of panic sidorder?
|
SSRIs, Paroxetine and sertraline. Rx for 8 to 12 months.
|
|
What are non-pharm treatments for panic disorder?
|
Relaxation training, biofeedback, cognitive therapy
isight-oriented therapy family therapy. |
|
What is agoraphobia?
|
fear of being alone in public places. Develops 2ry to panic attack from apprehension over subsequent attacks where escape can be difficult
|
|
What is the DSM IV of agoraphobia?
|
-anxiety about being in places or situations where you can not escape.
-situations are avoided, endured with distress, or faced only w/ presence of a companion - not explained by other disorder |
|
What are typical fears in agoraphobia?
|
no being outside alone. being on a bridge or ina croud. riding in a car, bus, or train
|
|
What is the DSM IV for specific phobias?
|
persistent excessive fear brought on by a specific situation or object.
Exposiour brings anxiety Situation is avoided when possible or tolerated w/ intense anxiety pt recognizes fear is excessive situation is avoided when possible or tolerated w/ anxity if < 18, must last > 6 months. |
|
What are common specific phobias?
|
animals
heights blood or needles illness or injury death flying social- speaking in public eating in public using restrooms |
|
What is the epi of phobia?
|
most common mental disorder.
5-10% of population onset as early as 5yo. as old as 35 Women>Men |
|
What is the etiology of phobia?
|
Genetics- fear of blood runs in families.
Behavioral- association w/ traumatic phobia. Neurochemical- overproduction of neurotransmitters. |
|
What is the treatment for specific phobia?
|
systemic desensitization. Supportive psychotherapy.
benzos or beta blockers. Systemic- graduallly expose patient to feared object or situation while relaxing |
|
How do you treat social phobia?
|
Paroxetine
|
|
what is an obsession?
|
recurrent and intrusive thought, feeling or idea
|
|
what is a compulsion
|
concious repetative beehavior linked to an obsession, relieves anxiety.
|
|
What is OCD?
|
axis I disorder- obsessions increase anxiety. Compulsions relieved them. Pts are aware of the problems and realized that their thoughts and behaviors are irrational. Symptoms couse significant distress in their lives. pts. wish to get rid of them.
|
|
What is the DSM IV of OCD?
|
1. either obsessions or compulsions
Obsession - recurrent and persistent thoughts - attempts to suprress - knows they are a product of their own mind. Compulsions - no link between behavior and stress reduction. 2. person is aware that these things are unreasonable and excessive 3. the obsessions cause distress, interfere w/ daily functioning |
|
what are the common patterns of an ocd pt?
|
obsessions about contamination w/ excessive washing or compulsive avoidance of the contaminant
doubt- forgot to turn off stove, lock the door. checking. symmetry- eating, showering intrusive thoughts- sexual, violent |
|
what is the epi of OCD?
|
2-3%
onset in adulthood, men=women MDD, eating disorders, other anxiety disorders, OC personality disorder higher in those with relatives w/ tourettes |
|
what percent of OCD pts have both obsessions and compulsions?
|
75
|
|
what are the 4 most common mental disorders?
|
phobia
substance induced major depression OCD |
|
what is the etiology of OCD
|
abnl reg of serotonin
genetic psychosocial- onset triggered by stressful life event |
|
what is the prognosis of OCD?
|
30% improve w/ treatment
40-50% improve moderately 20-40% remain impared. |
|
what is the Rx for OCD?
|
SSRIs; higher than normal doses
TCAs Behavioral- as effective as pharm. outcomes best when both are used. Exposure and response prevention. Relaxation techniques. Last resort- ECT, cingulotomy |
|
what is the DSM IV of PTSD?
|
experience of trauma; event was potentially harmful or fatal. inital reaction was intesne fear or horror
- persistence reexperiencing - avoidance of stimuli - numbin gof responsiveness - persistent symptoms of increased arousal. (difficulty sleeping, outbursts of anger, exaggerated startel, difficulty concentrating) 1 month |
|
How do you Rx PTSD?
|
TCA- imipramine, doxepin
SSRIs, MAOIs Anticonvulsants Psychotherapy relaxation training support groups, family therapy |
|
Whas is the DSM IV for acute stress disoder?
|
reserved for pts who experience a major traumatic event but have anxiety symptoms for only a short duration. must occur w/in a month, and last only 1 month.
|
|
What are the differences between PTSD and ASD?
|
PTSD- event occured in the past; last >1 month
ASD- event occured < 1 month ago, symps last < 1month |
|
What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
|
persistent excessive anxiety and hyperarousal for 6 months. worry about day to day
|
|
What is the DSM IV of GAD?
|
excessive anxiety and worry for 6 months.
- difficult to control worry 3 of the following - restlessness - fatigue - difficulty concentrating - irritable - muscle tension - sleep disturbance |
|
What is the epi of anxiety?
|
prevalence: 45%
GAD is very common in the general population Women 2:1 Men onset before 20 |
|
what is the clinical presentation of GAD?
|
most do not seek psychiatric help. Most go to specialist due to somatic complaints.
|
|
what are the comorbidities for GAD?
|
90% have phobia, panic disorder, or MDD
|
|
What is teh prognosis of GAD?
|
lifelong fluctuating symps in 50%
|
|
what is the Rx for GAD?
|
pharm
- buspirone, benzos (tapered quickly), ssris, venlafaxine Other - behavioral therapy - psychotherapy |
|
what is the DSM IV for adjustment disorder?
|
1. development of emotional or behavioral symps w/in 3 months after a stressful life event
- sever distress in excess of what would be expected after such an event - significant impairment 2. symps are not bereavement 3. symps resovle w/in 6 months (not DSM but symps begin w/in 3 months, event is not life theratening) |
|
what are the subtypes of adjustment disorder?
|
depressed, anxiety, conduct disturbance (aggression)
|
|
what is the epi of adjustment disorders?
|
common
2:1 W:M adolescents |
|
What triggers adjustment disorder?
|
psychosocial factors
|
|
what is the Rx for adjustment disorder?
|
supportive psychotherapy
group pharm (insomnia, anxiety, depression) |
|
what is the DSM definition of a personality disorder?
|
1. pattern of behavior/inner experience that deviates from the persons culture in 2 or more of the following ways:
- cognition, affect, personal relations, impulse control 2. pervasive and inflexible in broad range of situations - stable and has onset no later than adolescence or early adulthood - leads to significant distress in functioning - not accounted for by other illness (each is 1 percent of the population) CAPRI Cognition Affect Personal Relations Impulse Control |
|
What are the personality clusters?
|
A: MAD
schizoid, schizotypal, paranoid - Eccentric, peculiar, withdrawn - family association of psychotic disorders B: BAD Borderline, antisocial, histrionic, narcissistic - emotional, dramatic, inconsistent; family has mood disorders C: SAD OCD, avoidant, dependant -pts are anxious or fearful; family Hx of anxiety |
|
what is teh definition of cognitive disorders?
|
affect memory, orientation, attention, and judgement
1ry or 2ry abnlties of CNS - Dementia - Delirium - Amnestic disorders |
|
waht is the definition of dementia?
|
impairment of memory and other cognitive function sw/out alteration in the level of consciousness. Most are progressive and irreversible. Dementia is a major couse of disability in the elderly. It affects memory, cognition, language skills, behavior, and personality.
|
|
what is the epi of dementia?
|
incidence increases w/ age
20% > 80 have dementia associatiosn: delusions and hallucinations occur in 30% of demented pts. Affective symptoms, depression and anxiety are in 40-50%. Personality changes are also common. |
|
What are the most common causes of dementia?
|
alzheimers
vascular major depression |
|
What is the DDx of dementia?
|
depression
delirium schizo malingering. |
|
what are organic causes of dementia?
|
structural: benign forgetfulness, parkinsons, huntingtons, downs, head trauma, tumor, NPH, MS, Hematoma
Metabolic: thyroid, hypoxia, malnutrition (B12, folate, thiamine), Wilson's disease, lead Infections: Lyme, HIV, CJd, Neurosyphilis, meningitis, encephalitis Drugs: alcohol, phenothiazines, anticholinergics, sedatives. |
|
what is the DSM IV of delirium?
|
Quit: may seem depressed, or exibit symps similar to failure to thrive; Agitated: pulling out lines, may hallucinate
waxing/waning of consciousness. can be caused by virtually aany medical disorder. High mortality rate. |
|
Rx for delirium?
|
rule out life-threatening causes
Rx reversible causes, hypothyroid, electrolyte imbalance, urinary tract infections Antipsychotics are #1- quetiapine; haloperidol 1:1 nursing ferquently reorient pt avoid napping keep lights on, shades open hold for sedation. |
|
What are teh hallmarks of alzheimers?
|
gradual progressive decline of cognitive functions, especially memory and language. Personality change and mood swings.
|
|
Apraxia
|
inability to copy a picture
|
|
Agnosia
|
inability to interpret sensations
|
|
what is the DSM IV for Alzheimers?
|
Memory and 1 of the following:
- aphasia - apraxia - agnosia - diminished executive functioning- problems w/ planning, organizing, and abstracting. Personality mood changes |
|
What is the neurophys of alzheimers?
|
decreased ACh (locus ceruleus of brainstem) and NE (los of cholinergic neurons in basal nucleus of meynert
|
|
Pathology of alzheimers
Gross Microscopic |
Gross- diffuse atrophy w/ enlarged ventricles ans flattened sulci
micro- sinle plaques, amyloid, tau |
|
What is the Rx for alzheimers?
|
no cure or truly effective treatment
physical and emotioanl support proper nutrition, exercise, and supervision NMDA receptor and antagonist: mematine Cholinesterase inhibitors to slow progression: - tacrine - donepezil - rivastigmine Rx of symps - benzos for anxiety - antipsychotics for agitation - antidepressants for depresion |
|
What are the clinical manifestations of vascular dimentia?
|
memory impairment and Aphasia, apraxia, agnosia or diminshed executive funtctioning.
|
|
what are differences between vascular and alzheimers?
|
vasc- focal neuro symps
onset more abrupt than alzheimers greater preservation of personality reduce risk by modifying risk factors |
|
what is the DSM IV of Paranoid personality disorder?
|
4 of the following:
- Suspicion that others are exploiting or deceiving him or her - preoccupation w/ doubts of loyalty or trustworthiness of aquaintances 3. reluctance to confide in others 4. interpretation of benign remarks as threatening or demeaning. - persistenc eo grudges 6. perception of attacks on his or her character that are not aparent to others; quick to counterattack 7. recurrence of suspicions regarding fidelity of spouse |
|
what is the epi of paranoid?
|
.5-2.5%
men> W higher incidence in those w/ family of schizo |
|
what is the DDx of paranoid personality disorder?
|
paranoid schizo
personality does NOT have any fixed delusions and are not psychotic. may have transient psychosis |
|
What is teh DSM IV of Schizoid?
|
Schizoids Avoid
1. neither enjoy nor desire close relationships 2. generally choosing solitary activities 3. little interest in sex 4. take little pleasure in activity 5. few friends 6. indifference to praise or criticism 7. emotional coldness, detachment or flattened affect. |
|
what is the epi of schizoid?
|
7%
m:w = 2:1 no increased incidence of schizoid in families w/ Hx of schizo |
|
What is the DDx of schizoid?
|
paranoid schizo;
schizoids have no delusions, but may exist transiently Schizotypal personality; pts w/ schizoid do not have magical thinking |
|
what is the DSM IV of schizotypal?
|
1. Ideas of reference
2. odd beliefs or magical thinking 3. unusual perceptual experiences- bodily illusions 4. suspiciousness 5. inappropriate or restricted affect 6. odd or eccentric appearance 7. few close friends 8. odd thinking or speech 9. excessive social anxiety |
|
What is the DSM IV of antisocial personality?
|
1. failure to conform to social norms
2. deceitfulness/repeated lying/manipulaationg others 3. impulsive 4. irritability 5. recklessness and disregard for safety of self or others 6. irresponsible 7. lack of remorse for actions |
|
Why are borderline's impulsive?
|
Impulsive
Moody Paranoid under stress Unstable self image Labile Suicidal Inappropriate anger Vulnerable to abandonment Emptiness |
|
What ist he DSM IV of borderline?
|
1. depsreate efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment
2. unstable, intense interpersonal relationships 3. unstable self-image 4. impulsivity in at least two potentially harmful ways 5. recurrent suicidal threats or attmepts 6. recurrent suicidal threats or attmpts 6. unstable mood/affect 7. general feeling of emptiness 8. difficulty controlling anger 9. transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or dissociation |
|
what is the dsm IV of histrionic?
|
uncomfortable when not the center of attention
2. inappropriately seductive or provocative 3. uses physical appearance to draw attention to self 4. has speech that is impressionistic and lacking in detail 5. theatrical and exaggerated expression of emotion 6. easily influenced by others or situation 7. perceives relationships as more intimate tha they are. Use regression. |
|
What is the DSM of Narcissistic?
|
1. exaggerated sense of self-importance
2. preoccupied w/ fantasies of unlimited money, success, brilliance, etc 3. believes that he or she is special or unique and can associate only w/ other high-status individuals 4. needs excessive admiration 5. has sense of entitlement 6. takes advantage of others for self-gain. 7. lacks empathy 8. envious of others or believes others are envious of him or her 9. arrogant or haughty |
|
what is the difference between antisocial and narcissistic?
|
antisocial want material gain
narcissists want status |
|
what is the DSM IV of avoidant personality disorder?
|
1. avoids occupation that involves interpersonal contact due to a fear of criticism and rejcetion
2. unwilling to interact unless certain of being liked 3. cautious of intrapersonal relationships 4. preoccupied w/ being criticized or rejected in social situations 5. inhibitied in new social situations because he or she feels inadequate 6. believes he or she is socially inept and inferior 7. reluctant to engage in new activities for fear of embarrassment |
|
What is the DSM of dependent personality
|
1. difficult making everyday decisions w/out reassurance from others
2. needs others to assume responsibilities for most areas of his or her life 3. cannot express disagreement because of fear of loss of approval 4. difficulty initiating projects 5. goes to excessive lengthes to obtain support from others 6. feels helpless when alone 7. urgently seeks another relationshp when one ends 8. preoccupied w/ fears of being left to take care of self. |
|
What is the DSM IV fo OCPD?
|
1. preoccupation w/ details rules, lists, and organization
2. perfectionism that is detrimental to completion of tasks 3. excessive devotion to work 4. excessive conscientiousness and scrupulousness about morals and ethiss 5. will not delegate 6. unable to discard worthless objects 7. miserly 8. rigid and stubborn |
|
What is passive-aggressive personality disorder?
|
stubborn, inefficient procrastinators. alternate between compliance and defiance and passively resist fulfillment of tasks. Make excuses for themselves.
lack assertiveness. attempt to manipulate others to do their chores, errands, and the like. complain about misfortunes. |
|
what is the DSM IV of substance abuse?
|
1. failure to fulfill obligations at work, school or home
2. use in dangerous situations 3. recurrent legal problems 4. continued use despite social or interpersonal problems |
|
what is the DSM IV of substance dependence?
|
1. tolerance
2. withdrawal 3. using the substance more than originally intended 4. persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down on use 5. significant time spent in getting, using, or recovering from substance 6. decreased social, occupational, or recreational activities because of substance use 7. Continued use despite subsequent physical or psychological problem |
|
what is the epi of substance dependence?
|
lifetime prevalence of substance abuse or dependence in the US: 17%
more common in M than W |
|
Define w/drawal
|
development of substance specific syndrome due to the cessation of substance use that has been heavy and prolonged.
|
|
Define tolerance
|
need for increased amountes of the substance to achieve the desired effect or diminished effect if using the same amount of the substance
|
|
What is the CAGE questionaire?
|
have you ever wanted to Cut down on your drinking?
Have you ever felt Annoyed by criticism of your drinking? have you ever felt Guilty about drinking Have you ever drank as an Eye opener? |
|
What is the treatment for acute alchol intoxication?
|
ensure adequate airway, breathing, and ciruclation. MOnitor electrolytes, and acid-base
finger stick glucose Thiamine, naloxone (opiodes) Folate |
|
What are the effects of alcohol?
|
decrased fine motor control
Impaired judgement and coordination Ataxic gait and poor blance Lethargy; difficulty sitting upright Coma for novice at 300 resp depression at 400 |
|
What is the long term treatment for alcohol dependence?
|
AA
Disulfiram- antabuse (aversive therapy) Psychotherapy and SSRI Naltrexone (reduces cravings) |
|
What is the clinical presentation for alcohol w/drawal?
|
6-24 hrs.
mild- irritable, insomnia severe- fever, disorientations, seizures, hallucinations. Alcohol w/drawal syndrome- insomnia, anxiety, tremor, irritabilty, anorexia, tachy, hyperreflexia, hypertension, fever, seizure, hallucinations, delirium. DTs |
|
What are delerium tremens?
|
Most serious form of withdrawal and often begins w/in 72 hrs. of cessation of drinking. 5% of pts hospitalized for EtOH w/drawal develop DTs.
delirium, visual or tactile hallucinations, gross tremor, autonomic instability, fluctuating levels of psychomotor activity. |
|
What is the diagnostic eval for w/drawal of alcohol?
|
vitals, autonomic instability needs checking.
loc, trauma hepatic failure |
|
what is the DDx of alcohol w/drawal?
|
hypoglycemia, schizo, drug-induced psychosis, encephalitis, thyrotoxicosis
|
|
what is the Rx for w/drawal
|
benzos, thiamine, folic acid, multivitamin, MgSO4
|
|
What are the long-term complications of alcohol?
|
Wernicke's- Ataxia, confusion, ocular abnlties
Korsakoffs- impaired recent memory, anterograde amnesia, confabulation. |
|
how does cocaine intoxication present clinically?
|
euphoria, blood presure change, tachy or brady, nausea, dilated pupils, weight loss, psychomotor agitation, chills, and sweating. May cause resp depression, seizures, arrhythmias, and haluucinations.
can cause vasoconstriction -> MI or CVA |
|
How long does cocaine stay positive in a urine tox?
|
3 days
|
|
What is the Rx for cocaine intox?
|
mild-moderate agitation- benzos
severe agitation- vitamin H symptomatic support |
|
What is the treatment for cocaine dependence?
|
psychotherapy/group
TCAs Dopa agonists, amantadine, bromocriptine |
|
what are the symps of cocaine w/drawal?
|
dysphoric chrash
malaise, fatigue, depression, hunger, constricted pupils, vivid dreams, psychomotor agitation or retardation. |
|
what is the clinical presentation of PCP intoxication?
|
recklessness, impulsiveness, impaired judgment, assaultiveness, rotatory nystagmus, ataxia, htn, tachy, muscle rgidity, and high tolerance to pain. OD can cause seizure or coma
|
|
What is the Rx for PCP intox?
|
monitor blood pressure, temp, elytes
acidify urine w/ ammonium chloride and ascorbic acid Benzos or dopa antag to control agitation and anxiety Diazepam for muscle spasm and seizure haloperidol to control agitation or psychotic symps |
|
what are the signs of sedative intoxication?
|
draowsiness, slurred speech, incoordination, ataxia, mood lability, impaired judgment, nystagmus, resp depression, and coma or death in OD
|
|
What is the Rx for sedative intox?
|
Maintain airway, breathing, circulation
activated charcoal to prevent further GI absorption Barbituate: alkalinize urine w/ bicarb benzos: Flumazenil Supportive care |
|
What is sedative w/drawal like?
|
abrupt abstinence after chronic use is life threatening. Tachy, sweating, insomnia, anxiety, tremor, nausea/vomit, delirium, hallucinations. Seizures.
|
|
what is the Rx for sedative w/drawal?
|
long-acting benzo (chlorodiazepoxide or diazepam
- tegretol or valproic acid for seizures. |
|
what are the signs of opiate intoxication?
|
drowsiness, nausea/vomit, constipation, slurred speech, constricted pupils, seizures, and resp depression.
Meperidine and monoamine oxidase inhibs may cause serotonin syndrome: hyperthermia, confusion, hyper or hypotension, muscular rigidity |
|
What is teh treatment for opiate intoxication?
|
watch ABCs
|
|
what is the treatment for opiate OD?
|
naloxone may cause severe w/drawal. Ventalitory support
|
|
what is the treatment for opiate dependence?
|
methadone once daily, tapered over months to years.
psychotherapy |
|
what are the signs of opiate w/drawal?
|
dysphoria, insomnia, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, yawning, weakness, sweating, piloerection, nausea/vomiting, fever, dilated pupils, and muscle ache
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what is the treatment for opiate w/drawal
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moderate: clonidine or buprenorphine
severe: methodone taper over 7 days |
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what are the symps of hallucinogen intox?
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perceptual changes, papillary dilation, tachy, tremors, incoordination, sweating, palpitations
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what is the Rx for Hallucinogens?
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guidance and reassurance. benzos for severe
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what is special k?
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ketamine, tachy cardia and pnea w/ hallucinations at higher doses, amnesia and confusion.
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what is marijuana intox?
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euphoria, impaired coordinations, mild tachy, conjuctival injection, dry mouth, increased appetite
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What are the signs of inhalant intoxication?
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impaired judgment, belligerence, impulsivity, perceptual disturbances, lethargy, dizziness,.
Long term- CNS damage, PNS damage, liver, kidney and muscle damage |
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what is caffeine intox?
|
over 250mg.
anxiety, insomnia, twitching, rambling speech, flushed face, diuresis, GI, restlessness. Consumption of > 1 gram may cause tinnitus, severe agitation, and cardiace arrhythmias, excess of 10g may cause death from seizures or resp failure |
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what is caffeine w/drawal?
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headache, nausea/vomit, drowsiness, anxiety
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what are the hallmarks of pick's disease?
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aphasia, apraxia, agnosia; difficult to distinguish from alzheimer's clinically, but personality and behavioral changes are more prominent early in the disease
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what is the pathology of picks?
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atrophy of frontotemporal lobes
pick bondies- intraneuronal inclusion bodies |
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what are the clinical manifestations of huntingtons
|
onset 35-50
hallmarks: progressive dementia, bizarre choreiform movements, muscular hypertonicity depression and psychosis very common. |
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what is the pathology of huntingtones
|
trinucleotide on chrom 4 affects basal ganglia
MRI shows caudate atrophy, sometimes cortical atrophy |
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What are the clnical manefestations of parkinsons?
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bradykinesia
cogwheel rigidity resting tremor masklike facial expression shuffling gait dysarthria |
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what is the etiology of parkinsons?
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idiopathic
traumatic drug or toxin encphalitic familial |
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what is teh difference between cortical and subcortical demetias?
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cortical have decreased intellectual functioning. Subcortical are more prominent in affect and movement symps
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what is signs of CJD?
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rapidly progressive, degenerative disease of the CNS. Inherited, sporadic, or acquired.
Rapidly progressive dementia 6-12 months after onset of symps. extrapyramidal signs, ataxia, LMN signs |
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How do you diagnose CJD?
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definitive- pathological demonstration of spongiform changes
Probable- presence of both rapidly progressive dementia and sharp waves on EEG plus: Myoclonus, cortical blindness, ataxia, pyramidal signs, extrapyramidal signs, muscle atrophy, mutism |
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What is normal pressure hydrocephalus?
|
enlarged ventricles with increased CSF prssure.
Clinical triad: Gait disturbance Urinary incontinence Dementia Rx- shunt |
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what are the common causes of delirium?
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CNS injury or disease
Systemic illness drug abuse/withdrawal Hypoxia |
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What is delirium?
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acute disorder of cognition related to impairment of cerebral metabolism. Rapid onset, periods of altered levels of consciousness, and potential reversal of symps
lucid intervals. stuporous or agitated, perceptual disturbances are common. Anxious, incoherent and uanble to sleep normally |
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What are some additional causes of delirium?
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fever
sensory deprivation meds postop electrolyte imbalances |
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What is teh DDx for delirium?
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Dementia
Fluent aphasia, acute amnestic syndrome, psychosis, depression, malingering |
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what does I'M DELIRIOUS stand for?
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Impaired delivery
Metabolic Drugs Endocrin Liver disease Infrastructure Renal failure Infection Oxygen Urinary tract infection Sensory deprivation |
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what are the amnestic disorders?
|
impairment of memory w/out other cognitive problems or altered conscoiusness. Always occur secondary to an underlying medical condition.
|
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What is the etiology of amnestic disorders?
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Hypoglycemia
Systemic illness Hypoxia Head trauma Brain tumor CVA Seizures MS Herpes simplex substances |
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what is teh course of amnesia?
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transiet w/ recovery: seizures, medication
possibly permanent: hypoxia, trauma, HSV, CVA |
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What are normal factors of aging?
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decreased muscle mass/increased fat
decreased brain weight/enlarged ventricles and sulci impaired vision and hearing minor forgetfulness |
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what are the stages of dying?
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Denial
Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance |
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Major depression in the elderly?
|
mental disorder in the geriatric population, elderly are 2x as likely to commit suicide
memory and cognitive functioning is imparied |
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What is pseudo dementia?
|
physical symps: stomach pain, memory loss. Sleep disturbances
decreased appetite, weight loss worthlessness, SI lack of energy and diminished interest in activities. |
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What is the Rx for depression in elderly?
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psychotherapy
low dose antidepressant meds. ECT Mirtazapine can increase appetite; sedating methyphenidate- adjunct to antidepressants |
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what is normal grief?
|
feelings of guilt or sadness
mild sleep disturbance and weight loss Illusions Attempts to resume daily activities Symps that resolve w/in 1 year; worst symps w/in 2 months |
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what is abnl grief?
|
feelings of severe guilt and worthlessness
significant sleep disturbance and weight loss hallucinations or delusions no attempt to resume activities suicidal ideationn symps > 1 yr, > 2months |
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What are the changes in sleep in geri patients?
|
REM increased episodes, Shorter duration.
increased 1 and 2, less 3 and 4. increased awakening |
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What is the DDx for sleep disturbances in elderly?
|
1ry insomnia, nocturnal myoclonus, restless leg syndrome, and sleep apnea
other mental disorders medical social |
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What is teh Rx for sleep disorders in the elderly?
|
sedatives cause SEs- memory impairment, ataxia, paradoxical excitement, and rebound insomnia.
- alchohol cesssation, increased structure, elim of daytime naps, Rx of uderlying medical condition. |
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what drugs can be used for sleep in the elderly?
|
hydroxyzine
zolpidem |
|
what are the amnestic disorders?
|
impairment of memory w/out other cognitive problems or altered conscoiusness. Always occur secondary to an underlying medical condition.
|
|
What is the etiology of amnestic disorders?
|
Hypoglycemia
Systemic illness Hypoxia Head trauma Brain tumor CVA Seizures MS Herpes simplex substances |
|
what is teh course of amnesia?
|
transiet w/ recovery: seizures, medication
possibly permanent: hypoxia, trauma, HSV, CVA |
|
What are normal factors of aging?
|
decreased muscle mass/increased fat
decreased brain weight/enlarged ventricles and sulci impaired vision and hearing minor forgetfulness |
|
what are the stages of dying?
|
Denial
Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance |
|
Major depression in the elderly?
|
mental disorder in the geriatric population, elderly are 2x as likely to commit suicide
memory and cognitive functioning is imparied |
|
What is pseudo dementia?
|
physical symps: stomach pain, memory loss. Sleep disturbances
decreased appetite, weight loss worthlessness, SI lack of energy and diminished interest in activities. |
|
What is the Rx for depression in elderly?
|
psychotherapy
low dose antidepressant meds. ECT Mirtazapine can increase appetite; sedating methyphenidate- adjunct to antidepressants |
|
what is normal grief?
|
feelings of guilt or sadness
mild sleep disturbance and weight loss Illusions Attempts to resume daily activities Symps that resolve w/in 1 year; worst symps w/in 2 months |
|
what is abnl grief?
|
feelings of severe guilt and worthlessness
significant sleep disturbance and weight loss hallucinations or delusions no attempt to resume activities suicidal ideationn symps > 1 yr, > 2months |
|
What are the changes in sleep in geri patients?
|
REM increased episodes, Shorter duration.
increased 1 and 2, less 3 and 4. increased awakening |
|
What is the DDx for sleep disturbances in elderly?
|
1ry insomnia, nocturnal myoclonus, restless leg syndrome, and sleep apnea
other mental disorders medical social |
|
What is teh Rx for sleep disorders in the elderly?
|
sedatives cause SEs- memory impairment, ataxia, paradoxical excitement, and rebound insomnia.
- alchohol cesssation, increased structure, elim of daytime naps, Rx of uderlying medical condition. |
|
what drugs can be used for sleep in the elderly?
|
hydroxyzine
zolpidem |
|
what is childhood disintegrative disorder?
|
normal development in first 2 yrs of life
loss of previously aquired skill- language, social skills. bowel, bladder, play, motor skills 3. loss of 2- impaired social interaction, impaired language. - impaired language, restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped behaviorsa nd interests |
|
coprolalia?
|
repetitive speaking of obscene words
|
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Echolalia
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exact repetition of words
|
|
what is the DSM of Tourettes?
|
- multiple motor and vocal ti- tics occur many times a day, almost every day for > 1 year
- onset prior to age 18 - distress or impairment in social/occupational functioning |
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what is the pharm for tourettes?
|
haloperidol or pimozide
|
|
What is enuresis?
|
1ry- child neer established urinary continence
2ry- after urinary continence diurnal- daytime nocturnal- includes nighttime |
|
what is the DSM IV for enuresis?
|
involuntary voiding after age 5
2x a wk for 3 months |
|
what is the treatment for enuressi?
|
antidiuretics or TCAs
|
|
Selective mutism?
|
girls > boys
not speaking in certain situations. onste at 5 or 6. |
|
seperation anxiety disorder
|
excessive fear of leaving one's parents or other major attachment figures. Children w/ this diorder may fefuse to go to school.
around 7 |
|
what are dissociative disorders?
|
loss of memory, identity, sense of self.
- dissociative amnesia - dissociative fugue - dissociative identity disorder - depersonalization disorder |
|
what is teh dsm IV for dissociative amnesia.
|
amnesia is the only symp present
- 1 episode of inability to recall important personal info. trauma or stress - amnesia cannot be explaine by forgetfulness - symps cause distress or impairment Remember obscure details |
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what is abreaction?
|
the strong reaction upon remembering traumatic memories
|
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what is the DSM of dissociative fugue?
|
sudden unexpected travel away from home.
- sudden unexpected travel and inability to remember past - confusion about personal identity, assumption of new identity - no due to dissociative identity disorder or the physiological effects of a substance or medical disorder - symptoms cause impairment in social or occupational functioning |
|
What is the DSM IV of dissociative identity disorder
|
- presence of 2 or more identities
- two identities recurrently take control of the behavior - inability to recall personal info of one personality when the other is dominant - not due to effects of substance or medical condition |
|
What is the DSM IV for depersonalization disorder?
|
detachement from one's self, environment, or social situation.
- persistent or recurrent experiences of being detached from one's body or mental processes - reality testing remains intact during episode - causes social/occupational impairment |
|
what is primary and secondary gain?
|
1ry- expression of unacceptable feelings as physical symps to avoid facing them
2ry- use of symps to benefit the patient- increased attention |
|
What is the DSM IV of somatization disorder?
|
- 2 GI symps
- 1 sex symp - 1 neuro symp - 4 pain symps - onset before 30 |
|
What is the DSM IV of conversion disorder?
|
- at least one neuro symp
- psych factors associated w/ initiation of symps - symp not intentionally produced - cannot be explained by medical condition or substance use - cuases significant distress or impairment in social or occupatinal functioning - not accounted for by somatization disorder or other mental disorder - not limited to pain or sexual symptom |
|
what are the commmon symps of conversion disorder
|
shifting paralysis
blindness mutism paresthesias seizures globus hystericus |
|
What is the DSM IV of hypochodriasis?
|
patients fear that they have a serious medical condition based on misnterpretation of normal body symps
- fears persist despite appropriate medical eval - fears present for 6 months |
|
What is a major difference between somatoform and hypochondriasis?
|
somatoform = symps
hypochondriasis = disease |
|
What is the DSM IV of body dysmorphic disorder?
|
- preoccupation with an imagined defect in appearance or excessive concern about a slight physical anomaly
- must cause significant distress in the pts life |
|
What sit he DSM IV of pain disorder?
|
- pts complaint is of pain at one or more anatomic sites
- pain causes significant distress in the pts life - pain has to be related to psychologic factors - pain is not due to a true medical disorder |
|
what is teh dsm iv for facticious?
|
- patients intentionally produce signs of physical or mental disorders
- produce symps to assume role of patient - no external incentives - psych complaints or physical feigned- hallucinations, depression Medical- fever, ab pain, seizures, skin lesions, hematuria |
|
What is munchausen?
|
physical compliants
take insulin, consum blood thinners, mix feces in their urine to produce symps. demand meds. |
|
what is teh dsm IV fo intermittent explosive disorder?
|
failure to resist aggressive impulses that result in an assault or property destruction
- level of aggressiveness is out of proportion. |
|
what is the Rx for intermittent explosive disorder?
|
SSRI
(have low serotonin) group or family. individual is useless |
|
what is teh DSM for kleptomania?
|
- failure to resist urges to steal objects that are not needed for reason
- pleasure or relief from stealing - no anger and no hallucination |
|
what is the DSM for pyromania?
|
more than one episode of fire setting
tension present before act and pleasure afterwards - fascination with fire - purpose not for monetary gain |
|
what is the Rx for pyros?
|
behavior and SSRIs
|
|
what is the DSM for gambling?
|
1. preoccupation w/ gambling
2. need to gamble w/ increasing amount of money 3. repeated and unsuccessful attempts 4. restlessness or irritability when attempting to stop 5. gambling done to escape problems or releive dysphoria 6. returning to reclaim losses after gambling 7. lying to therapist or family 8. illegal acts to finance gambling 9. jeopardizing relationships or job 10. relying on others to support. |
|
what is the DSM of trichotillomania?
|
pulling out of one's hair
- scalp, but can involve eyebrows, eyelashes, and facial and pubic hair - tension present, relief afterwards - significant distress. |
|
what is the Rx for trichomania
|
ssris, antipsychotics, lithium, hypnosis
|
|
autoscopic psychosis?
|
visual hallucination of trasparent phantom of one's own body
|
|
capgras syndrome?
|
delusion of doubles
familiar persons have replaced by identical imposters |
|
lycanthropy
|
werewolf or other animal
|
|
cotard syndrome
|
false perception of having lost everything
|
|
folie a deux
|
shared psychotic disorder in which one person develops psychotic symps similar to the ones a long-term partner has been experiencing.
|