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204 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Maturation
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– psychical development that progresses according to a genetic code or plan
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Growth
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– Improvement of size, function, and complexity of an organism up to the point of optimal maturity
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Aging
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– The biological changes in functioning that take place after the point of optimal maturity
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Learning
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– the basic process where by the environment causes lasting changes in behavior
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Socialization
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– the process by which one learns the attitudes custom values and expectations of the culture
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Critical Period
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– If a particular aspect of development can only be affected by the environment during a specific time period in that time period
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Optimal Period
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– is not the only time during which the behavior may develop
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Longitidual design
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– when a study repeatedly test the same individuals at different points in their lives
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sequential age coherot design
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enable a researcher to separate the effects of age from the effects of the sco historical period
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Coherot
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The same example, born the same year, or people on the same education level
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UNKNOWN DEF
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The laws of learning has difficulty explaining language aquistion
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A major strength of the cognitive theory is
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in their ability to explain intelletual and language development
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Information processing theorist
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use a computer as a model for the human information processor
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piateg
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In piateg's conservation task preschool children based their answers largely on perceptual processes; people can explore all the logical solutions to a problem and reason about abstract concepts and
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piateg's formal operational period
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piateg referred to a mental structure as a schema
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Assimulation
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a process by which information presented to a person fits with existing structures
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Accommodation
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If new information does not fit with existing structures the mind may change itself to accomidate the information
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Psychanylitic theory (Freud)
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emphasize the unconscience as the primary determinate of behavior according to Freud the personality develops by means of a series of psychosexual stages
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erickson's psychosocial stages
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focused on conflicts throughout the lifespan
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Sociobiology
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Belief that social behavior is largely determined by heredity
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humanistic psychology
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focuses on the self concept
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1. Positive Regard (Carl Rogers)
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to refer to the warm positive acceptant attitude of a person for what he or she is
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2. Maslow Self- stresses
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the full development of potenitalities which is called self actualization
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Centenarian
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People 100 or older
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Development
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systematic changes and continuities in the indivuial between conception and death
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3 Broad domains
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Physical Development. Cognivitive. Psychoschocial
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Biological aging
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Deterioration of organisms
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Age norms
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Once a scoeity has defined an age grade, this society defines what people should and should not do.
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Social Clock
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A sense of when things should be done and when a person is ahead or behind the schedule dictated by age norm
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Baby Boom generation
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Huge number of people born between 1946 and 1964
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Plasticity
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Capacity to change in response to negative or positive experiences.
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G. Stanley Hall
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Regarded as the founder of the scientiftic study of human development
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Cohort
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Group of people born in the same time
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Sequential design
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combines both cross-sectional and longitudinal.
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Quasi-experiment- Experiment-
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like study that evaluates the effects of a different treatments but does not randomly assign individuals to treatment groups
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Meta-analysis
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A research method in which the results of multiple studies addressing the same questions are synthesixed to produce overall conclusions
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Thomas Hobbes
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Children are inherently selfish and bad. Soceity’s job responsibility to teach them to believe in civilized ways
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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Children are inherently good. Born with an intuitive understanding of right and wrong, and that they would develop in theier natural tendencies as long as society does not interefere.
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John Locke
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“Tabula rasae (blank slates), waiting to be written on by their experiences. Not innately good or innately bad
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Activity/ Passivity debate
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Humans are active, curious creatures who orchestrate their own development by exploring the world around them and shaping their environment (This is active). Passive means they are largely the products of forces beyond their control..usually environmental factors but could be biological
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Continuitutiy vs. Discontinuity
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Gradual baby steps vs change abruptly and dramatically.
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Universality vs. context specificity.
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Development is similar, regardless of culture, or was of development vary considerably depending on the social context
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Id
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impulsive irrational part of the personality seeking to satisfy instincts.
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Ego
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Rational side of the personality that tries to find realistic ways of satisfying the instincts
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Superego
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Internal moral standards. Like the parental voice in your head.
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5 stages of psychosexual development:
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a. Oral stage
b. Anal Stage c. Phallic d. Latent e. Genital |
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Watson
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father of behaviorism
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Preconditioning phase
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(neutral stimulus leads to no response from baby)
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Unconditioned stimulus
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(loud noise) elicits unconditioned response (baby cries)
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(Conditioning phase) Neutral stimulus
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(rat) plus unconditioned stimulus (noise) elicits baby cries
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Postconditioning phase (Conditioned stimulus)
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(rat) elicits conditioned response(baby crying)
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Skinner-Operatant conditioning
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Learner’s behavior becomes either more or less probably depending on the consequences it produces. Reward vs. punishment. People tend to repeat behaviors that have pleasant outcomes and cut down on behaviors that have unpleasant consequences.
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Bandura
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Social Cognitive Theory
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Piaget strengths
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Thinking changes during childhood, children are active in their own development and that development occurs through an interaction of nature and nature
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Piaget weakness
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he said too little about the influences of motivation and emotion on thought process. Underestimated the cognitive abilities of children.
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Eclectic
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rely on many theories and not just one in particular
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Habituation
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The process of learning to be bored. When a stimulus is presented too many times, it gets boring.
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Schemes (Schema singular)-
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cognitive structures-organized patterns of actions of thought people contrast to intereprent the experiences.
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Recipircol determinissm
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The flow of information between people and their environment is a two-way street. Enviornment may affect people, but people also may affect the environment
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Who is Kohlberg
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MORAL DEVELOPMENT
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Level One Premoral
Step 1- |
Punishment and obedience orientation. Obey rules to avoid punishment.
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Level One Premoral
Step 2- |
Naïve instrumental hedonism. Conform to obtain rewards, have favors returned.
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Level Two Conventional Role Conformity
Step 3 |
Good boy/good girl morality Conform to avoid disapproval or dislike by others.
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Level Two Conventional Role Conformity
Step 4 |
Law and authority maintaining morality. Conform to avoid censure by authorities.
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Level Three Self-Accepted Moral Principles
Step 5- |
Morality of contract, individual rights, and democratically accepted law. Conform to maintain community welfare.
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Level Three Self-Accepted Moral Principles
Step 6- |
Morality of individual principles of conscience. Conform to avoid self-condemnation.
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aggressive, assertive, a leader
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1. Older brother of brothers
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capricious, willful, daring, but irritating.
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2. Youngest brother of brothers
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a true ladies’ man, a responsible worker, and a good father.
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3. Oldest brother of sisters
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girls adore him; love to take care of him. He is somewhat irresponsible and dependent on others for his needs.
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4. Younger brother of sisters
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dominant, assertive, bossy, self-confident, creative.
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5. Oldest sister of sisters
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charming, adventurous, enthusiastic, willful.
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6. Youngest sister of sisters
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practical, concrete, a good sport and popular with others.
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7. Oldest sister of brothers
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feminine, tactful, submissive but not subservient, an excellent companion.
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8. Youngest sister of brothers
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1. Sensorimotor Stage age
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Birth to 2 years.
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2. The Preoperational Stage age
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2 to 7 years.
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3. The Concrete Operational Stage age
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7 to 11 years.
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4. Formal Operational Stage age
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11 or 12 on.
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1. Sensorimotor Stage
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Develops object permanence.
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2. The Preoperational Stage
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No conservation of weight and number.
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3. The Concrete Operational Stage
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has conservation of weight and number
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4. Formal Operational Stage
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Can now use abstraction and logic.
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20. Id
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- impulsive irrational part of the personality seeking to satisfy instincts.
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21. Ego-
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- Rational side of the personality that tries to find realistic ways of satisfying the instincts
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22. Superego
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Internal moral standards. Like the parental voice in your head.
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1. Sensorimotor Stage age
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Birth to 2 years.
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2. The Preoperational Stage age
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2 to 7 years.
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3. The Concrete Operational Stage age
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7 to 11 years.
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4. Formal Operational Stage age
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11 or 12 on.
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1. Sensorimotor Stage
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Develops object permanence.
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2. The Preoperational Stage
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No conservation of weight and number.
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3. The Concrete Operational Stage
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has conservation of weight and number
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4. Formal Operational Stage
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Can now use abstraction and logic.
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20. Id
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- impulsive irrational part of the personality seeking to satisfy instincts.
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21. Ego-
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- Rational side of the personality that tries to find realistic ways of satisfying the instincts
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22. Superego
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Internal moral standards. Like the parental voice in your head.
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Development
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systematic change3s and continuitites in the individual that occur between conception and death
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Changes as systematic means:
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orderly, patterned, and relatively enduring
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Human development falls into three broad domains
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1. Physical devlopment
2. Cognitive development 3. Psychosocial development |
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1. Physical devlopment
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The growth of the body and its organs; the functioning of physiological systems (AGEING Etc)
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2. Cognitive Development
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The changes and continuities in perception, language, learning, memory (MENTAL PROCESS)
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3. Psychosocial development
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Personal and interpersonal aspects of development; (Motives, emotions, personality traits, interpersonal skills and relationships roles played in the faimly in society)
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Biological aging
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the deterioration of organisms that leaves to their death
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Development involves:
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1. growth in early life
2. Stability in early and middle adulthood 3. Declines associated with aging in later life (gains, losses, neutral cahnges) |
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Development has both
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gains and losses
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People do not always improve or worsen but instead
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they become different
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Aging
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referes to a range of changes, positive and negative in the mature organism.
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Age is only a rough indivator of
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level of development
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Age grade (age stratum)
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Socially defined age group in a society
(assigned different roles statuses, and privleges) |
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wHAT IS THIS AN EXAMPLE OF: High schools have "elite" seniors and "lowly" freshmen
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age grade
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Once a society has established age grades:
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each society defines what people should and should not be doing at different points in the life span.
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age norms
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society's way of telling people how to act their age.
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What is this an example of: 6-year-olds are too young to date or drink beer but are old enough to attend school
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age norms
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Why are age norms important
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- Influence people's decisions about how to lead their lives
- bases for social clock |
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Social clock
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a sense of when things should be done and when a person is ahead or behind the schedule dictated by age norms
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what affects how easily people adjust to life transitions
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age norms
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Nature-Nurture issue
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"how biologiva forces and enviormnetal forces act and interact to make use what we are"
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Nauture (list)
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Influence of
- individual heredity - universal maturational processes guided by genes - biologial predispositions by evolution - Hormones and brain growth spurts |
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Nature - definition
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process of maturation
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Maturation
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the biologival unfolding of the indiidual according to a plan contained in the genes
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What is this an example of: seeds turn into mature platnts through a predictable process, humans unfold in the womb
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Maturation
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What cahnges in the brain contributes to cognitive changes such as increased memory skills and to psychosocial changes such as increased understanding of feelings
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Maturation
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Nuture
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Chanes in
-response to environment - external physical and social conditions and events that effects us |
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What is this an example of: Social interactions with family members, peers, and teachers to the broader cultural context in which we develop.
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Nuture
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Why is nature important in development
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- all children acheive similar developmental milestones at similar times because of matuation
- They are different because of differences in genetic makeup |
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Why is nurture important
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- Humans are alike if their enviroments are alike
- They are different based on life experiences |
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`Centenarian
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People 100 yrs old and older
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Baby Boom generation
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Huge number of people born between 1946 and 1964
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Gerontology
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the study of aging and old age
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Plasticity
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Capacity to change in response to negative or positive experiences.
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G. Stanley Hall
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Regarded as the founder of the scientiftic study of human development
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Cohort
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Group of people born in the same time
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Longtiduinal design
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study of on cohort over a period time
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Cross section design
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study of people of different age groups or cohorts
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Sequential design
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combines both cross-sectional and longitudinal.
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Learning
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the process through which experiences(an aspect of the environment) brings about relatively permamnent changes thought, actions and behavior.
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18. Quasi-experiment-
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Experiment-like study that evaluates the effects of a different treatments but does not randomly assign individuals to treatment groups
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19. Meta-analysis-
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- A research method in which the results of multiple studies addressing the same questions are synthesized to produce overall conclusions
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3 Goals of Life Span developmemt
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1. description
2. Explanation 3. Optimization |
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1. Description
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the behavior of humans of different ages and trace how that behavior changes with age
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2. Explanation
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understand why humans develop as they typically do and why some develp differntly than others
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3. Optimization
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How humans can be helped to devlop in positive directions,n and how capabilites can be enhanced and overcomed
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Life span perspective
(multidisciplinary perspective) |
view development as a lifelong, multidiprectional process that invovles gains and losses
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7 lIFE SPAN PERSEPECTIVES
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1. Development is a lifelong process
2. Development is multidirectional 3. Development invovles both gain and loss 4. Development is characterized by life long plasticity. 5. Development is shaped bhy its historical-cultural context 6. Development is mutiply influenced 7. Understanding development requires multiple disciplines |
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Scientific Method
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belief that investigators should allow their systematic observations to determine the merits of their thinking
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Hypotheses
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predictions regarding a particular set of obeservations
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Sample
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The group of indviduals studied
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Random sample
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popluation of interest,
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Information gained at Cross sectional method
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age differences
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Information gained at Longitiudinal Method
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Age chanes
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Information gained at Squential method
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Age differences and age changes
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Advantages of Cross Sectional Method
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Demonstrates age differences in behavior and hits at developmental trends
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Advantages of Longitiudinal Design method
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- How individuals are alike and different when they change overtime
- Reveals links between early behavior or experiences and later behavior |
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Advantages of Sequental Method
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- Separate the effects of age, cohort, and time of measurement
- Indicates whether developmental changes experienced by one gernation or cohort are similar to those experienced by other cohorts. |
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Disadvantages of Cross sectional method
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- may reflect cohorts effects rather than true developmental changes
- Provides no information about development overtime |
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Disadvantages of Longitudinal Method
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- Reflection of age trends of that time
- Time- consuming and expensive - Inadequate - Drop out |
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Disadvantages of Sequential Method
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- Complex and time-consuming
- Leave question about whether a developmental change can be generalized |
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Mesosystem
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consists of the interrelationships or linkahes between two or more microsystems
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Exosystem
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consists of linkage involving social settings that individuals do not experience directly but that can still influence their development
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Macrosystem
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the larger cultural context in which the microshystem, mesosystem, and exosystem are embedded.
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Independent variable
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variable that is being manipulated
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Dependent variable
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a variable that is being measured
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Correlationsal method
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determining whether two or more variables are related in a systematic way.
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Experimental Method
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Manipulation of an independent variable
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Who came up with: the psychoanalytic viewpoint
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- Sigmund freud
- Erik Erikson |
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Who came up with: Learning perspective
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- B.F. Skinner
- Albert Bandura |
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Who came up with: The Cognitibe Deelopmental viewpoint
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- Jean Piaget
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Who came up with: The eme3rging cxontexctual systems approach
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- Urie Bronfebrenner, Vygotsky, and Gilbert Gottlieb
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Thomas Hobbes
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Children are inherently selfish and bad. Soceity’s job responsibility to teach them to believe in civilized ways
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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Children are inherently good. Born with an intuitive understanding of right and wrong, and that they would develop in theier natural tendencies as long as society does not interefere.
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John Lock
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“Tabula rasae (blank slates), waiting to be written on by their experiences. Not innately good or innately ba
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Activity/ Passivity debate (ACTIVE)
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Humans are curious, active creatures, explores the world around them and shape their own environments
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Activity/ Passivity Debate (PASSIVE)
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Humans are passive
- large products of forces beyond their control |
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Continuity/ Discontinuity
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whether the changes people undergo over the life span are gradual or abrupt
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Continuity Theorists
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- view human development as a process that occurs in small steps, without sudden changes
(little frog to bigger frog ) |
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Discontinuity theorists
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development like a series of stair steps. elevates the individual to a new and advanced level of functioning
(Tadpole to Frog) |
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What is this an example of: An adolescent boy rapidly shoots up 6 in in height, gains a bass voice and grows a beard
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Discontinity
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What is this an example of: A person gains wrinkles, grows taller, knows more bvocabulary
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Quantivative changes in continuity
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Universality vs. context specificity (Universailty)
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The extent to which developmental changes are common to all humans or different from person to person
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Universality vs. context specificity (context specificity)
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Within a single culture, developmental change may differ from subcultural grop to subcultural group, from family to faimly, from individual to individual.
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Psychoanalytic theory
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People are driven by motives and emotions of which they are largely unaware and that they are shaped by their earliest experiences in life
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20. Id
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impulsive irrational part of the personality seeking to satisfy instincts.
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21. Ego
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Rational side of the personality that tries to find realistic ways of satisfying the instincts
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Superego
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Internal moral standards. Like the parental voice in your head.
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23. Ego Adpots defense mechanisms
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(defend itself against anxiety; adopts coping devices)
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24. 5 stages of psychosexual development
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a. Oral stage
b. Anal Stage c. Phallic d. Latent e. Genital |
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watson
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father of behaviorism
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a. Preconditioning phase
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neutral stimulus leads to no response from baby)
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i. Unconditiond stimulus
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(loud noise) elicits unconditioned response (baby cries)
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b. Conditioning phase
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i. Neutral stimulus (rat) plus unconditioned stimulus (noise) elicits baby cries
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c. Postconditioning phase
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i. Conditioned stimulus( rat) elicits conditioned response(baby crying
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27. Skinner-Operant conditioning
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Learner’s behavior becomes either more or less probably depending on the consequences it produces. Reward vs. punishment. People tend to repeat behaviors that have pleasant outcomes and cut down on behaviors that have unpleasant consequences.
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fixation
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part of the libido remains tied to an early stage
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Regression
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retreating to an earlier, less traumatic stage of development
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Positive Reinforcement
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something has been added to the situation and renforcement means that the behavior is strengthened
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nEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
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oCCURS WHEN A BEHAVIORAL TENDENCY IS STRENGTHED BECAUSE SOMETHING NEGATIVE OR UNPLEASANT IS removed FROM THE SITUATION
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Reciprocal determinism
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flow of information between people and their environment is a two-way street. Environment may affect people, but people also may affect the environment
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Piget's strengths
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Thinking changes during childhood, children are active in their own development and that development occurs through an interaction of nature and nuture
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Piaget weakness
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he said too little about the influences of motivation and emotion on thought process. Underestimated the cognitive abilities of children.
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Contextual- systems theories of development
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Changes in the person produce changes in this enviroment; changes in the environment produce changes in the person.
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Vygotsky
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Culture, is embodied in language, shapes thought,
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In vygotsky's view, cognitive deelopment is...
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a social process
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Vygotsky's dieas have had a strong effect on education...
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serving as a basis for educational approaches where children are tutored or coached by more knowledgeable mentors.
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Vygotsky's weaknesses
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paid little attention to biological influences and to differences among individuals who develop within the same culural context.
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