Psych Of Women Quiz 1

Front 1

gender typing

Back 1

how children acquire their knowledge about gender and how they develop their gender related personality characteristics, preferences, skills, behaviors, and self concepts

Front 2

prenatal period

Back 2

time before birth

Front 3

infancy

Back 3

period between birth and 18 months of life

Front 4

sex chromosomes

Back 4

- the 23rd pair
-determine whether the embryo will be genetically female or male
- the other 22 chromosome pairs determine all the additional physiological and psychological characteristics

Front 5

the internal female system

Back 5

Mullerian ducts
- develop into a uterus, egg ducts, and part of the vagina

Front 6

the internal male system

Back 6

Wolffian ducts
- develop into prostate gland and the vesicles for semen

Front 7

gonads

Back 7

sex glands

Front 8

androgen

Back 8

a male sex hormone secreted from the testes

Front 9

genital tubercle

Back 9

becomes the penis in males

Front 10

estrogen

Back 10

one of the female sex hormones made by the ovaries

Front 11

4 additional processes that lead to the differentiation of females and males

Back 11

- the development of internal reproductive system
- the development of the gonads
- the production of hormones
- the development of external genitals
eghi

Front 12

intersexed individual

Back 12

has genitals that are not clearly male or female

Front 13

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Back 13

in one form of this condition, genetic females receive as much androgen as males do during prenatal development; causes female genitals to look masculine

Front 14

androgen insensitivity syndrome

Back 14

condition in which genetic males produce normal amounts of androgen, but a genetic condition makes their bodies not respond to androgen; makes penis look like a vag

Front 15

Parental Preferences about sex of children

Back 15

- parents are more likely to express pride following the birth of a boy. they were also more likely to express happiness following the birth of a girl.

Front 16

selective abortion

Back 16

i.e. abort females, keep males

Front 17

more bias

Back 17

i.e. not putting premature female babies in an incubator

Front 18

people's stereotypes about infant girls and boys

Back 18

relatives and friends may convey gender stereotypes thru their choice of greeting cards they send to parents of a newborn. i.e. for boys- action figures, physical activity; for girls- emphasize the baby's sweetness

Front 19

social constructionism

Back 19

- argues that we tend to construct or invent our own version of reality based on our prior experiences and beliefs

Front 20

we can explain gender typing at least partly by the way people respond to infant girls and boys

Back 20

ya

Front 21

children may initially acquire gender ideas from other people and other institutions

Back 21

ya

Front 22

social learning approach to gender development

Back 22

children learn gender related behaviors from other ppl
- children are rewarded for gender appropriate behavior and punished for gender inappropriate behavior
- children watch and imitate behavior of people from their own gender category
adults and and other children often praise a girl for a behavior that behavior they would condemn in a boy

Front 23

modeling/observational learning

Back 23

learning by watching ppl and imitating them

Front 24

cognitive developmental approach

Back 24

argues that children are active thinkers who seek information from their environment; children also try to make sense of this info and organize it in a coherent fashion

Front 25

schema

Back 25

a general concept that we use to organize our thoughts and attitudes about a topic

Front 26

gender schemas

Back 26

organizing info into two conceptual categories, female and male

Front 27

gender identity

Back 27

a girl labeling herself as a girl or a boy labeling himself as a boy
- most children provide the correct label by the time they are 1.5 to 2.5 years old
- soon after children label themselves, they learn how to classify other males and females. At this point, most children begin to prefer people, activities, and things that are consistent with their own gender identity.

Front 28

to some extent, children behave before they think

Back 28

ya

Front 29

Parents as an influence on gender typing

Back 29

parents react somewhat differently to male and female infants. these reactions are stereotyped bc parents do not yet know their child's unique characteristics. As the child gets older, they will react based on personality + gender, not just stereotypes

Front 30

parents also treat sons and daughters differently with respect to 2 social characteristics

Back 30

aggression and independence

Front 31

parents typically discuss what with daughters

Back 31

emotions

Front 32

with sons?

Back 32

they tell them to avoid expressing sadness or fear

Front 33

research on aggression

Back 33

by observing their parents, children often learn that physical aggression and power are boy things, not girl things.

Front 34

research on independence

Back 34

in research on toddlers, parents are more likely to leave boys alone in a room, whereas they are more likely to supervise girls

Front 35

parents do not consistently encourage aggression or independence in their sons more than in their daughters

Back 35

its only based on little research

Front 36

cant base everything for gender typing on PARENTS. there is also

Back 36

peers, schools, media

Front 37

peer group

Back 37

other children of approximately their own age

Front 38

peers seem to be more influential than parents in emphasizing gender typing

Back 38

ya

Front 39

peers encourage gender typing in 4 ways

Back 39

- children reject their peers who act in a nonstereotypical fashion
- they encourage gender segregation
- they are prejudiced against children of the other gender
- they have different standards for treating boys and girls
- i.e. children respond to girls on te basis of physical attractiveness, but attractiveness is not relevant for boys (so its impt for girls not boys)

Front 40

gender segregation

Back 40

the tendency to associate with other children of the same gender

Front 41

entitlement

Back 41

boys and girls learn that boys have greater power. the boys then feel like they deserve this power bc they are male

Front 42

School (another influence)

Back 42

- males are treated differently and valued more than females

Front 43

teachers

Back 43

- classroom teachers often select activities that appeal to boys and they typically pay more attention to boys in the classroom
- females of color are especially likely to be ignored in the classroom

Front 44

the media as an influence

Back 44

- kids spend more time in front of the tv than at school
- males are on tv more than females
- males are often in the workplace, and females are shown as caregivers

Front 45

books

Back 45

- most of the main characters in childrens picture books are males 2:1 ratio
- men are portrayed in a wider variety of occupations compared to women
- boys help others, they solve problems independently and they play actively. girls need help solving their problems and they play quietly indoors

Front 46

Infants' basic information about gender

Back 46

infants can make distinctions related to gender even before they learn to talk. For instance, they can categorize photos of males and females into two different groups

Front 47

Children's usage of gender labels

Back 47

- almost all 3 year olds can correctly identify whether they are a girl or boy
- young children frequently believe that clothing is the most accurate way to determine a person's gender

Front 48

children's stereotypes about personality

Back 48

children bw the ages of 2.5 and 4 tend to believe that strength and aggression are associated with males. In contrast, softness and gentleness are associated w females.