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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Intelligence
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-what is important for success in a particular culture
-unique aspects - some are common across cultures |
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what did Boring find?
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intelligence is what an intelligence test measures
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what is the difference between intelligence and knowledge?
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the specificity or genarity...
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general-intelligence
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1. culture-fair test of intelligence
2. non-language intelligence 3. verbal type intelligence 4. bradly oriented achievement test (ACT) 5. course oriented achievement tests (an exam in this class) |
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specific-knowledge
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1. intelligence is difficult to define
2. intelligence has lots of components 3. intelligence is culture-bound |
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francis galton
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-cousin of Charles Darwin
-had a variety of interests -published an account in the royal geographic society -married in 1853 and settled down |
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where did francis galton travel to?
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-went on an African exploration from 1850 to 1852
-charted parts of south west Africa |
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francis galton published work in...
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1. meteorology (weather)
2. genetics 3. statistics 4. differential psychology 5. also the inventor of fingerprint identification |
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what did francis galton do as a young man?
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-worked as a pharmacist - started trying various drugs in alphabetical order, stopped at croton oil, a powerful laxative
-went to zoos and blew whistles to see animal's reaction |
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what did francis galton believe?
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-that any human characteristic could be measured
-anything human that could be measured was heritable |
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who was francis galton influenced by?
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Charles Darwin
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eugenics means...
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good birth
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how did galton define eugenics?
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getting rid of the weaker gene pool, keeping good genes in the population
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belief system of eugenics
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1. people differ from one another
2. some people are better than others 3. these characteristics are heritable |
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what was one eugenic society that was started?
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the pioneer fund
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what is the pioneer fund? when did it begin?
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an organization that is still around, began in 1937
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who currently leads the pioneer fund?
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john phillippe Rushton
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who was an important research program when looking at genetic influence on behavior?
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the Minnesota twins study
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what study studied how much IQ is heritable?
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-familial studies of intelligence - bouchard and mcgue (1981) - science
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what did bouchard and mcgue find?
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-identical twins reared together - .86 (highest correlation)
-environment and genes are a factor |
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what did bouchard et al. (1990) find?
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-there is a very clear influence by genetics - identical twins reared together are more similar than identical twins reared apart
-a very clear influence for the environment |
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how much do genes account for in intelligence?
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about 50%-60% - better to say between 50%-75%
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Smart parents are likely to produce...
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smart children
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why was eugenics popular in great Britain during the Victorian age?
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-rapidly expanding population in the lower classes
-large disparity between rich and poor -large disparity between males and females |
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imperial-racism
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when countries take over another country
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rigid class structure
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where you're born into, that's where you'll stay - if you're elite, you like eugenics
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craniometry
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the measurement of cranial capacity
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how was intelligence studied in Galton's time?
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craniometry
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bigger brains=what?
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more intelligence
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craniometry - the operational definition of intelligence is what? was is right?
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head size - not right
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what is a better way to study intelligence
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standardized tests
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why wasn't the problem of how intelligence studied obvious?
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status quo
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what could women not do in the Victorian age?
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-vote
-study at a university -have a prominent job -retain custody of their children -keep any property or money earned -file for divorce |
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divorce and matrimonial act
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women could now divorce
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who does the body of a woman belong to? (in the Victorian age)
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the man
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paul broca
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-French physician
-famous for identifying broca's area - part of the brain responsible for speech production -interested in craniometry |
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what did paul broca believe about the brains of prominent thinkers?
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they would have bigger brains
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what did broca urge scientists to do?
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donate their brains - became a fad
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cesare lambroso
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thought some people were born criminals
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what was cesare lambroso's hypothesis?
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the brains of criminals would be smaller than the brains of law-abiding men
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Alfred binet
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-French psychologist
-began developing means to more directly measure intelligency |
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intelligence quotient (IQ)
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an average level for normal kids
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points made by binet
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-IQ does not directly reflect intelligence
-he argued that intelligence (as he measured it) could be improved - different perspectives and characteristics |
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galton promoted eugenics as a way to what?
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improve humanity by encouraging people to think about mate selection
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positive eugenics
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encourage best and brightest to have children
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eugenics in America
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negative eugenics
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negative eugenics
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identify those who were "defective" and prevent them from breeding (institutionalization, sterilization, segregation, controlling immigration)
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what was the early focus of American eugenics?
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the pedigree of a family
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"the jukes"
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Richard dugdale
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margaret
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mother of criminals
-prevalence of criminal behavior in one family |
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what did Richard dugdale think the cause of criminal behavior was?
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environmental reasons
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the kallikak family
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a study in the heredity of feeble-mindedness
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who wrote the kallikak family?
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henry j. goddard - he wrote about martin
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martin
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revolutionary war soldier who produced children with 2 women, one good and one bad
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what happened to the bad girl that martin produced children with?
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she produced hundreds of "mental defectives"
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what happened the good girl that martin produced children with?
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she produced hundreds of good citizens
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where was Deborah at?
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the institution ran by goddard
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how many descendants of martin were located?
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over 2000 - most were mentally defective (bad side)
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"mentally defective"
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determined by a group of young women who worked with goddard
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how long did an assessment of mentally defective take?
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a few moments
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what was determined of goddard's work?
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some of the photos used in his book were doctored
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kallikak
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mental defectiveness
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racism
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prevalent in America, Britain, and the rest of europe
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Robert bean
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thought that the brains of white people were larger than the brains of black people
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kkk
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-became popular in 1915
- "birth of a nation" popularized kkk -membership was up to 6 million by the early 1920's |
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who did a follow up study to Robert bean?
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franklin mall
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franklin mall's study
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-double blind
-measured the brains without first being told if they came from a black person or a white person -found no difference -original researcher had a bias |
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"the passing of the great race"
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Madison grant (racist)
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who did madison grant think was superior, but was being out-berd by lower races?
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the nordic race
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what was madison grant concerned about?
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immigration from southern europe and eastern europe and the expansion of the "negro" population
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ota benga
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-pygmy from the congo
-kept in the bronx zoo as a display with the encouragement of madison grant -never returned home, killed himself in 1916 |
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madison grant sought to...
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-initiate an active eugenics program to save the nordic race
-stop immigration -segregate populations into ghettos -face sterilization |
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race hygiene
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racially oriented eugenics
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where was madison grant's book printed?
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germany
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who founded the eugenics record office in 1910?
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charles davenport
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who was the director of the eugenics office?
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harry laughlin
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what did charles davinport and harry laughlin do for a career?
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-they were both chicken breeders as well as members of the american breeders society
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eugenics methodology
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-agriculturally oriented
-cull out the weak -committee promoted these ideas as early as 1906 |
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what are some eugenics societies?
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-american eugenics society
-british eugenics society -galton society -human betterment society |
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american eugenics society members
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-margaret sanger - planned parenthood
-charles lindberg - famous pilot -john d. rockefeller - millionaire -john h. kellog - cereal |
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the black stork
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-movie promoting eugenics
-starred haiselden -shown throughout the teens and 20's -an indicator of attitude of that time -endorsing euthanasia of "defective" babies -was not stopped by law, the media, or the american medical association |
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haiselden
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-euthanized at least 6...he deemed effective
-died of a brain hemorrage -supported-investigated, but not arrested |
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eugenics as politics
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-if something becomes popular and accepted in a culture, it eventually is represented in laws and customs
-the movement to establish eugenics became popular -goddard became an advocate -UTILIZED A DATA-BASED ARGUMENT |
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who's work got popularized in america because of "eugenics as politics"?
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binet
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goddard and eugenics
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1. thought I.Q. reflects intelligence completely
2. I.Q. shoudl be used to label and categorize people 3. I.Q. won't respond to an enriched environment. it is wholly genetic |
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what were the technical terms that goddard used?
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idiots - inbeciles - moron
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what did goddard believe?
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-low I.Q. and "immortality" were linked together
-intelligence was determined by a single gene |
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what was goddard's solution to prevent sterilization?
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sterilization or institutionalization
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what did goddard want to prevent?
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foreign idots, imbeciles and morons from immigrating
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where did interpreters administer binet's test? what did they find?
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-ellis island
-83% jews, 80% hungarians, 79% italians, 87% russians were feeble |
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problems with goddard's findings
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-immigrants could be poor
-goddard made the scoring harder than the binet when translating the test -immigrants had just finished an ocean crossing in seerage |
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robert yerkes
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-convinced military to use intelligence testing during WWI
-1.75 million recruits were tested -mass produced written test was required to do this |
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army alpha
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for literates
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army beta
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for illiterates
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what was the first mass-produced test?
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robert yerkes - army alpha and army beta
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what test used to screen recruits?
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army alpha and army beta
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high score on the army...?
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officer of specialized training
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low score on the army...?
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infantry
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who was yerkes' assistant
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e.g. boring
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how were european immigrants ranked?
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could be ranked by country of origin
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who scored the lowest on goddard's test?
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-black americans - the test was culture bound
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what does culture bound mean?
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tests that reflect a specific culture
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what were the army tests influenced by?
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language and familiarity with tests
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conclusion of goddard's
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conclusions were unwarranted, but people wanted to believe them
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culture-fair test
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fair test for everybody
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what did goddard recommend?
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institutionalize more people
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american eugenics society
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promoted eugenics and people believed them
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